2.  The industrial growth that began in the United States in the early 1800's continued steadily up to and through the Civil War.  Still, by the end of the war, the typical American industry was small.  Hand labor remained widespread, limiting the production capacity of industry.  Most businesses served a small market and lacked the capital needed for business expansion. gadling.com

3.  After the Civil War, however, American industry changed dramatically.  Machines replaced hand labor as the main means of manufacturing, increasing the production capacity of industry tremendously.  A new nationwide network of railroads distributed goods far and wide.  Inventors developed new products the public wanted, and businesses made the products in large quantities. learnnc.org

4.  Investors and bankers supplied the huge amounts of money that business leaders needed to expand their operations.  Many big businesses grew up as a result of these and other developments.  They included coal mining, petroleum, and railroad companies; and manufacturers and sellers of such products as steel, industrial machinery, automobiles, and clothing. bgs.ac.uk

5.  The industrial growth had major effects on American life.  The new business activity centered in cities.  As a result, people moved to cities in record numbers, and the cities grew by leaps and bounds. learn.ancestry.com

6.  Many Americans amassed huge fortunes from the business boom, but others lived in extreme poverty.  The sharp contrast between the rich and the poor and other features of American life stirred widespread discontent.  The discontent triggered new reform movements, which--among other things--led to measures to aid the poor and control the size and power of big business. nickmurwayphoto.blogspot.com

7.  The industrial growth centered chiefly in the North.  The war-torn South lagged behind the rest of the country economically.  In the West, frontier life was ending. library.fordham.edu

8.  America's role in foreign affairs also changed during the late 1800's and early 1900's.  The country built up its military strength and became a world power. oldmagazinearticles.com

9.  The use of machines in manufacturing spread throughout American industry after the Civil War.  With machines, workers could produce goods many times faster than they could by hand.  The new large manufacturing firms hired hundreds, or even thousands, of workers.  Each worker was assigned a specific job in the production process.  This system of organizing laborers, called the division of labor, also sped up production. eng4uhuamei.wikispaces.com

10.  The increased production speed had a tremendous impact on the economy.  It enabled businesses to charge lower prices for products.  Lower prices, in turn, meant more people could afford the products, and so sales soared. http://www.flickr.com/photos/whsimages/998243013/

11.  Inventors created, and business leaders produced and sold, a variety of new products.  The products included the typewriter (1867), barbed wire (1874), the telephone (1876), the phonograph (1877), the electric light (1879), and the gasoline automobile (1885). http://newsdesk.si.edu/snapshot/edison-light-bulb

12.  Of these, the automobile had the greatest impact on the nation's economy. In the early 1900's, Ransom Eli Olds and Henry Ford began turning out cars by mass production.  Automobile prices dropped, and sales soared. The number of automobiles owned by Americans jumped from 8,000 in 1900 to almost 3,500,000 in 1916. strangecosmos.com

13.  During the 1890's, Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright became interested in flying while operating their bicycle-manufacturing shop in Dayton, Ohio.  They started building gliders in 1899.  The next year, they began making glider flights near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, an area known for its steady winds and high sand dunes.  After conducting many experiments, the brothers worked out a system for controlling an aircraft in flight. mindsetmillionaire.wordpress.com

14.  In 1903, the Wright brothers built their first airplane, named the Flyer. It was a biplane (two- wing plane) with a 12- horsepower (9-kilowatt) gasoline engine that the brothers also built.  The wings, which measured 40 feet 4 inches (12.29 meters) from tip to tip, were wooden frames covered with cotton cloth fi.edu

15.  On Dec. 17, 1903, Orville Wright became the first person to successfully fly an engine- driven, heavier-than-air machine.  The flight took place near Kitty Hawk. The brothers launched the plane from a 60-foot rail on a sand flat.  The plane took off and flew 120 feet at about 30 mph and lasted only about 12 seconds.  The Wright brothers made three more flights that day. Wilbur made the longest one--852 feet in 59 seconds. wright-brothers.org

16.  Except for a few inventors, most people took little notice of the Wright brothers' achievement. But the men continued to improve their planes.  By the end of 1905, they had built and flown the first plane that was fully maneuverable and could fly for more than a half hour at a time.  But no important officials had seen the plane fly, and so the flights were not officially recognized.  In 1908, Wilbur made the first official public flights in France and amazed the world with the plane's flying ability.

17.  America's rich and varied natural resources played a key role in the rise of big business.  The nation's abundant water supply helped power the industrial machines.  Forests provided lumber for construction and wooden products.  Miners took large quantities of coal and iron ore from the ground. miningartifacts.org

18.  Andrew Carnegie and other business leaders made steel from these minerals.  Steel played a vital role in the industrialization process.  It was used to build machines, railroad tracks, bridges, automobiles, and skyscrapers.  Other industrially valuable minerals included copper, silver, and petroleum. voteview.com

19.  Petroleum--the source of gasoline--became especially important after the automobile came into widespread use in the early 1900's. geoexpro.com

20.  More than 25 million immigrants entered the United States between 1870 and 1916.  Immigration plus natural growth caused the U.S. population to more than double during the same period, rising from about 40 million to about 100 million. grossmanproject.net

21.  Population growth helped the economic boom in two ways.  It increased the number of consumers, and thus enlarged the market for products.  It also provided the additional workers needed for the jobs created by the new business activity. superstock.com

22.  In the late 1800's, the American railroad system became a nationwide transportation network.  The distance of all railroad lines in operation in the United States soared from about 9,000 miles in 1850 to almost 200,000 miles in 1900. bushong.net

23.  A high point in railroad development came in 1869, when workers laid tracks that joined the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads near Ogden, Utah.  This event marked the completion of the world's first transcontinental railroad system.  The system linked the United States by rail from coast to coast. ominousweather.com

24.  Mining companies used them to ship raw materials to factories over long distances quickly.  Manufacturers distributed their finished products by rail to points throughout the country.  The railroads became highly profitable businesses for their owners, including Cornelius Vanderbilt and Jay Gould. nndb.com

25.  Improved sales methods also aided economic growth.  Owners of big businesses sent salespeople to all parts of the country to promote their products.  Enterprising merchants opened huge department stores in the growing cities.  The stores offered a wide variety of products at reasonable prices. pottstownhistory.org

26.  Other merchants--including Montgomery Ward and Richard Sears--began mail-order companies, chiefly to serve people who lived far from stores.  The companies published catalogs that showed their products.  Buyers used the catalogs to order goods by mail. peterme.com

27.  Advances in communication provided a boost for the economy.  Railroads replaced such mail-delivery systems as the stagecoach.  In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.  These developments, along with the telegraph, provided the quick communication that is vital to the smooth operation of big business. http://alieze.com/fourth/timeline_1890s.html

28.  The business boom triggered a sharp increase in investments in the stocks and bonds of corporations.  As businesses prospered, persons eager to share in the profits invested heavily.  Their investments provided capital that companies needed to expand their operations. goldversuspaper.blogspot.com

29.  New banks sprang up throughout the country.  Banks helped finance the nation's economic growth by making loans to businesses.  Some bankers of the era, especially J. P. Morgan, assumed key positions in the American economy because of their ability to provide huge sums of capital. dipity.com

30.  The government did little to regulate business during the 1800's.  Unrestricted, business executives in the United States struggled to wipe out competition and gain complete control of their industries.  They formed monopolies, which--for the most part--are illegal today. progressiveerausm.wikispaces.com

31.  Some business owners in the same industry merged (united to form a single company) in order to reduce or eliminate competition.  Other business leaders formed trusts.  A trust was a monopoly in which a group of managers controlled rival businesses without formal ownership of the businesses. betterworldbooks.com

32.  The monopolies had some favorable effects on the economy.  They helped make possible the giant, efficient corporations that contributed so much to economic growth.  The monopolies also enabled businesses to avoid sharp fluctuations in price and output, and thus keep sales steady. bloomberg.com

33.  On the other hand, monopolies gave some business leaders so much power that they could take unfair advantage of others.  A business executive with little or no competition could demand goods from suppliers at low cost, while charging high prices for the finished product.  The executive could also save money by reducing a product's quality. blsciblogs.baruch.cuny.edu

34.  The industrial boom had major effects on the lives of the American people.  The availability of jobs in industries drew people from farms to cities in record numbers.  In 1870, only about 25 per cent of the American people lived in urban areas.  By 1916, the figure had reached almost 50 per cent.

35.  The lives of people in the cities contrasted sharply.  A small percentage of them had enormous wealth and enjoyed lives of luxury.  Below them economically, the larger middle class lived comfortably.  But at the bottom of the economic ladder, a huge mass of city people lived in extreme poverty. dipity.com

36.  The business boom opened up many opportunities for financial gain.  The economic activity it generated enabled many people to establish successful businesses, expand existing ones, and profit from investments.  Some business leaders and investors were able to amass huge fortunes.  The number of millionaires in the United States grew from perhaps about 20 in 1850 to more than 3,000 in 1900. newyorkartworld.com

37.  Among the millionaires was a small group who accumulated fortunes of more than $100 million each.  They included Andrew Carnegie, Marshall Field, J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt.  The wealthy Americans built enormous mansions, wore the finest clothing, ate in the best restaurants, and could afford to buy almost anything they desired. THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA: The Gilded Age

38.  Biltmore Estate, the largest home (250 rooms) in the United States, was begun in 1890. Built for George Washington Vanderbilt, this French-chateau style home was completed in1895.  Biltmore was considered to be state-of-the-art for the time with indoor plumbing, electric lighting, refrigeration, elevators and central heating. guideoftravels.com

39.  Other city people prospered enough to live lives of comfort, if not wealth.  They included owners of small businesses, and such workers as factory and office managers.  They became part of America's growing middle class. leahasilver.wordpress.com

40.  The laborers who toiled in factories, mills, and mines did not share in the benefits of the economic growth.  They usually worked at least 60 hours a week for an average pay of about 20 cents an hour, and had no fringe benefits. retronaut.co

41.  As the nation's population grew, so did the competition for jobs.  The supply of workers outstripped the demand.  Business leaders felt little pressure to improve the lot of workers.  They knew that job competition meant poor people would work under almost any conditions.  The oversupply of workers led to high unemployment.

42.  In addition, depressions slowed the nation's economy to a near standstill in 1873, 1884, 1893, and 1907.  Unemployment soared during these depressions.  Workers suffered through the periods of idleness without the unemployment benefits that are available today.  Such economic hardship meant that, in many cases, every family member except very young children had to seek a job. missionariesoftheworld.org

43.  The everyday life of the city poor was dismal and drab.  The poor lived crowded together in slums.  Much of their housing consisted of cheap apartment buildings called tenements.  The crowded slum neighborhoods bred crime. knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com

44.  Overwork, poor sanitation, and inadequate diet left slum dwellers vulnerable to disease.  Many poor children received little or no education, because they had to work to contribute to their families' welfare.  In addition, schools in the slums were poorly equipped for educating those who attended them. assumption.edu

45.  In spite of harsh living conditions, hope made the lives of many of the poor tolerable.  The poor knew that economic advancement was possible in the United States.  Some families, through hard work and saving, were able to start small businesses.  And---even if some workers themselves could not advance economically--they believed that in America their children would. barnesandnoble.com

46.  After the Civil War, the Democratic and Republican parties developed strong political machines.  Members of these organizations kept in contact with the people, and did them favors in return for votes.  But in general, political and government leaders strongly favored business interests.  They did little to interfere with business or to close the gap between the rich and poor. forum1.aimoo.com

47.  Government of the era was also marked by widespread corruption.  Corruption also flourished in state and local government.  Immigrants were forced to vote for specific candidates in exchange for citizenship.  The lower class was forced to pay “protection” money.  Corrupt officials would steal money from city coffers through extortion, graft, bribes, private contracts, and misallocation of funds  The people seemed little concerned, however.

48.  North Carolina’s main industries turned the state’s agricultural products into finished goods. Today, a factory may buy its raw materials from anywhere in the world, but North Carolina’s nineteenth century industries stayed a little closer to home. By the early twentieth century, the state’s economy was dominated by three industries. You can think of them as the three T’s: tobacco, textiles, and timber (or furniture).  By 1900, there were 177 textile mills, 44 furniture factories, and tobacco was becoming increasingly popular in the state.  Workers in these mills and factories were typically immigrants and former farmers.

49.  Sharecropping was when extremely poor farmers worked on the landowner’s fields.  They had no choice in what crops were planted, and used the landowner’s seeds, tools, and housing.  After harvest, these workers were paid for their work. learnnc.org

51.  Tenant farmers rented farmland and a house from the land owner.  Tenant farmers were allowed to plant their own choice of crops.  When harvest time came, the farmers paid rent to the landowner for using the land and house. learnnc.org

52.  Both sharecroppers and tenant farmers were paid once a year.  To buy groceries and supplies, local stores allowed them to purchase on credit, and the farmers would pay them back at harvest time.  If these farmers did not make enough money on their crops, they could not pay the money they owed, and went into debt.  The promise of a steady paycheck and paying off debts lured many farmers from the fields and into new factories and mills.

53.  Tobacco mills turned raw tobacco grown on North Carolina farms into cigars, chewing tobacco, and cigarettes that were sold nationwide.  By 1896, the state Board of Agriculture reported 242 tobacco mills in North Carolina.  Among them were the Duke operations in Durham and those of R. J. Reynolds in Winston-Salem. durhamcountylibrary.org

54.  Richard J. Reynolds - a Virginian who began a tobacco factory in Winston (now Winston-Salem) in 1874.  Other Winston tobacco manufacturers were Hamilton Scales, Pleasant H. Hanes and T.L. Vaughn..  W. T. Blackwell and Company - Durham company that manufactured Bull Durham smoking tobacco and pioneered the use of advertising.  W. Duke Sons and Company -became the first company to successfully produce machine-made cigarettes and became the first manufacturer of cigarettes in the nation.  American Tobacco Company - formed by James B. "Buck" Duke in 1890. This company eventually owned 3/4's of the tobacco industry in the United States.

56.  Textile mills turned raw cotton and, to a lesser extent, wool into clothing that was also sold to consumers nationwide.  Before the war, the South had shipped its cotton to the North and to Europe; now, North Carolina’s textile mills processed the state’s staple crop, and North Carolinians kept the profits. feltraiger.com

57.  The textile industry provided employment to displaced farmers.  The industry grew rapidly and by 1900 there were 177 textile mills in NC located mostly in the Piedmont.  These mills thrived mainly because ◦ labor was cheap ◦ railroad transportation was easily available ◦ the raw material (cotton) was produced nearby. ◦ women and children made up the majority of the labor force.

59.  North Carolina had not only an extensive pine forest, but great hardwood forests as well.  As with cotton and tobacco, the state had long sent its timber to the North for processing. toto.lib.unca.edu

60.  But in the 1880s, Earnest Ansel Snow began buying lumber from those forests, building furniture in a factory in High Point, and selling it to consumers across the country.  Soon, High Point factories were building furniture for the Sears Roebuck mail-order catalog.  By 1900, the area around High Point had become the furniture capital of the United States. apartmenttherapy.com

61.  White Furniture Company - oldest furniture manufacturer in North Carolina until it closed in the early 1990s.  High Point Furniture Manufacturing Company - formed in 1889 by three businessmen, Ernest A. Snow, John H. Tate, and Thomas F. Wrenn. This company established High Point as the state's furniture center.  The furniture industry became important in other NC towns such as Thomasville, Lenoir, Hickory, Statesville, Morganton, Mt. Airy, and Lexington. By 1900, there were 44 furniture factories in NC.  The furniture industry grew along the North Carolina Railroad and its feeder lines, with its eastern end near Durham and its western boundary in Asheville.

62.  Factories needed good transportation to get raw materials and to send finished goods to markets elsewhere in the country.  After the Civil War, North Carolina’s railroads grew rapidly, spurred at first by Republican policies during Reconstruction.  By the end of the century, the state was crisscrossed by railroads.  Investors built factories with easy railroad access.  And when several factories existed in one place, that town grew, and if it wasn’t already served by a railroad, it soon would be.

65.  In the five decades after the Civil War, roughly 1865- 1915, a flood of immigrants came to America.  From 1865 to 1900, some 13.5 million immigrants arrived in the United States

66.  Wars, famine, religious persecution, and overpopulation were the four major reasons why people left Europe and came to the United States.

67.  Passage to the United States often cost a life’s savings.  Because of this cost, entire families would often save enough money to send just one or two family members to America, hoping that eventually these members could afford to bring over the rest of the family.

68.  The crowded steerage deck usually contained a diverse group of people.  Many were poor farmers whose fathers’ or grandfathers’ land had been divided so often that the plots were no longer large enough to support even single families.

69.  Others were schoolmasters unable to find work or artisans looking for greater opportunities.  Many were young men and women willing to risk traveling to an unknown land in hopes of finding a brighter future.

70.  As for conditions below decks, an agent for the United States Immigration Commission described them as follows: “During the twelve days in the steerage I lived in…surroundings that offended every sense. Only a fresh breeze from the sea overcame the sickening odors. Everything was dirty, sticky, and disagreeable to the touch.” In such conditions, disease and even death were not uncommon.

71.  Inspection station in the New York harbor where immigrants had to pass inspections.  About 20% were detained for a day or more before inspection  Only about 2% were denied entry

72.  Physical examination by a doctor  Those with serious health problems or a contagious disease were sent home for deportation

73.  Checked documents and questioned immigrants on whether they met legal requirements: 1. Must be able to prove they had never been convicted of a felony, 2. Able to work 3. Showing they had some money. 1892-1924 Ellis Island was chief processing station for nearly 17 million immigrants

74.  Inspection Station in San Francisco Bay processing Asians primarily Chinese  1910-1940 processed about 50,000 Chinese Immigrants  Immigrants endured harsh questioning and long detention in ramshackle facilities

76.  Some native-born Americans feared and resented the new immigrants.  Their languages, religions, and customs seemed strange.  They also competed for jobs.  Desperate for jobs, immigrants often accepted lower wages and worse working conditions.

77.  The majority of immigrants settled in the big cities where factory jobs were available.  By 1900, 4 out of every 5 people in New York City were immigrants or children of immigrants.  Many immigrants lived in areas with people of similar ethnic background.  Such neighborhoods provided support but separated the immigrants from the rest of Americans thus slowing their assimilation into US culture.

78.  Many immigrants lived in crowded tenement buildings.  Families shared living space and decent lighting & fresh air were scarce. **

79.  Conditions were uncomfortable, crowed, and dirty.  In New York, 1,231 people lived in only 120 rooms in one part of the city.  In Chicago in one year, over 60% of newborns never reached their first birthdays. Many babies asphyxiated in their own homes.

80.  The decades prior to the Progressive Era were a period of rapid economic growth fueled by the changes brought about by industrialization.  As more and more Americans moved into urban areas to work in factories and other jobs created by this economic boom, new social problems were created, such as slums, the spread of disease and labor disputes, among dozens of others.  The Progressive movement developed as a variety of different social movements responding to these changes.

81.  Writers such as Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis brought social problems to the public's attention by writing what were called "muckraking" articles that exposed the corruption and unjust practices that many industrial leaders had established.  These writers helped to spark reform movements in areas such as labor practices and public health that became the backbone of the Progressive Era.

82.  Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson supported many of the Progressive Era reforms and helped establish federal laws to bring about change.  Public figures such as Susan B. Anthony, a women's suffrage supporter, and Jane Addams, a social worker in Chicago, brought national attention to their causes, helping to change public policy.

83.  The Progressive Era ushered in some reforms that significantly changed the way Americans lived their lives.  A national income tax was established with the 16th Amendment to the Constitution.  Citizens won the right to directly elect their senators with the 17th Amendment.  Women won the right to vote when the 19th Amendment was passed in 1919.  The 18th Amendment brought about the Prohibition of alcohol in 1919, but this reform proved unpopular during the Depression and was repealed in 1933.

84.  World War I and the Depression both caused reformist feelings to dissipate, with most people's attention diverted to other topics.  However, the groundwork laid in this era led to much of the New Deal reform that President Franklin D. Roosevelt would enact in order to help Americans affected by the Depression.

86.  Although it was the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the actual causes of the war were more complicated and not confined to a single cause.  The major causes were: ◦ Imperialism ◦ Nationalism ◦ Militarism ◦ Entangling Alliances ◦ Crisis  Moroccan  Bosnian

87.  Imperialism is when a country takes over new lands or countries and makes them subject to their rule.  By 1900 the British Empire had spread over five continents and France had control of large areas of Africa.  The amount of lands 'owned' by Britain and France increased the competition with Germany who had entered the race to acquire colonies late and only had small areas of Africa.  The Balkans became a key trouble spot as Austria-Hungary and Russia each sought to stake out a claim. The Balkans were a hotbed of activity for Slavic peoples seeking self- determination. Russia used Slavic nationalism to build inroads into the area.

88.  Nationalism means being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one's country.  Nationalism stirred dangerous rivalries among European nations competing for global dominance. France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia jealously watched each other.  Within Austria-Hungary ethnic groups longed for the opportunity to form their own nations.

89.  Militarism means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government.  The growing division between European countries led to an arms race between the main countries.  The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for mastery of the seas.

90.  An alliance is an agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if it is needed. When an alliance is signed, those countries become known as Allies.  By 1900, two rival blocks of nations squared off against each other. One side stood the Triple Entente composed of Great Britain, France, and Russia. On the other side stood the Triple Alliance composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.  Any dispute involving one of the countries threaten to drag the whole alliance system into war.

91.  North Carolina and the United States were not initially involved because most Americans were in favor of isolationism, a policy that’s objective was to keep the United States out of Europe’s problems. blog4history.com

92.  The United States could not avoid the war forever.  In 1917, American intelligence intercepted a telegram between Germany and Mexico urging Mexico to declare war on the United States in return for an alliance with the Japanese. tpearsonchpter13.blogspot.com

93.  In the early 1917’s orders were given by Germany to step up the U-boat campaign.  All allied or neutral ships were to be sunk on sight and in one month almost a million tons of shipping was sunk.  Neutral countries became reluctant to ship goods to Britain and Lloyd George ordered all ships carrying provisions to Britain to be given a convoy.  In the summer of 1918, five large German submarines (U-boats) crossed the Atlantic and operated against the lightly protected shipping off the North American coast.  Several of the U-boats would get as far south as the North Carolina coast, where they sank three ships just a few miles from the Outer Banks

94.  President Woodrow Wilson released the Mexican telegram to the public, causing outrage.  This incident along with the sinking of a number of American cargo ships by German U-Boats brought widespread support for the war.  The United States of America declared war on Germany in response to the sinking, by German U boats, of US ships.

95.  North Carolina sent 86,000 men and women "to help make the world safe for democracy.“  Camp Green at Charlotte, Camp Polk in Raleigh, and Camp Bragg near Fayetteville were the chief training camps in the state. cmhpf.org

96.  After the United States got fully involved in the war the end was not far away. Most in Europe on both sides were tire of fighting and the addition of the U.S. ensured that the allies would win.  A peace treaty was signed at 11:00a.m., November 11 th,1918: the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month.  This day was called Armistice Day, and later remembered as Veterans Day.

97.  The treaty that officially ended World War I, signed at the Palace of Versailles in France.  The treaty required Germany to give up land and much of its army and navy and to pay extensive reparations for damages to civilians in the war.  The treaty also created the League of Nations.

98.  Millions of Deaths and Widespread Destruction in Europe  Breakup of German and Austro-Hungarian Empires  Creation of Several New Nations  League of Nations

99.  The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept sole responsibility for starting World War I. It also took away Germany’s colonies and made the country pay huge war debts.  Four great empires came to an end: the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire.  The League of Nations was established to keep the peace and to prevent future wars.  The new nations of Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania emerged from the old empires.  Most nations were financially exhausted. To help to pay war debts, nations increased their supply of paper money. This led to inflation, a condition of extremely high prices.  Dissatisfaction over the way boundary lines were drawn led to tensions that carried over to World War II.

100.  http://www.nchistoricsites.org  World Book 2002  NCLearn.org  http://americanhistory.mrdonn.org/powerpoints/immigr ation.html  The Dictionary of Cultural History  Global Insights: Work Book  www.cia.gov