1. What is a phylogenetic tree? And why are they important?

2. Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Urochordata (tunicates) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Mammalia (mammals) Campbell & Reece textbook

3. Chordates Craniates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Lobe-fins Tetrapods Amniotes Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Urochordata (tunicates) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Mammalia (mammals) Campbell & Reece textbook

4. Chordates Craniates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Lobe-fins Tetrapods Amniotes Milk Amniotic egg Legs Lobed fins Lungs or lung derivatives Jaws, mineralized skeleton Vertebral column Head Brain Notochord Ancestral deuterostome Echinodermata (sister group to chordates) Urochordata (tunicates) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Myxini (hagfishes) Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Amphibia (frogs, salamanders) Reptilia (turtles, snakes, crocodiles, birds) Mammalia (mammals) Campbell & Reece textbook

5. The BIG message Trees provide the best available framework for organizing knowledge of biological diversity …and for thinking clearly about evolution

6. 200 years Charles Darwin Born Feb. 121809 200 years Charles Darwin Born Feb. 121809 150 years Origin of Species Publ. Nov. 24 1859 150 years Origin of Species Publ. Nov. 24 1859

7. The Tree of Life The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes be represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth….the great Tree of Life….covers the earth with ever- branching and beautiful ramifications Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species; pages 131-132

8. Common ancestry models Pedigree –A depiction of the ancestry relations within populations –Net-like (reticulate) Phylogeny –A depiction of the ancestry relations between species –Tree-like (divergent)

9. Four plants connected to their parents parents offspring

10. past future

12. What happened here?

14. Lineages isolated for long enough lose the ability to interbreed “…sterility of first crosses and of hybrids… is not a special endowment, but is incidental on slowly acquired modifications, more especially in the reproductive systems…”

15. ABC The True History ABC A simplified representation Representation of phylogenies?

16. Some terms used to describe a phylogenetic tree Taxon (taxa) Tip Internal branch Internode Node Root Clade