1. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint1 18:1 The U.S. Civil Rights Movement: ● The following factors made the period after World War II a good time for blacks to move for political and social equality: √ Many blacks had moved to the North for war jobs—they could vote in the North. √ During World War II Americans were fighting for “freedom.” √ Television made racism more visible. √ Segregation and the disfranchisement of blacks was an embarrassment in the fight against communism. √ The independence of African colonies made black equality a world-wide issue. UNIT 18 CIVIL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS

2. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint2 ● In 1954 the Supreme Court declared segregated schools unconstitutional in Brown vs. Board of Education. ● In 1955 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. led the fight against segregated buses in Montgomery, AL and he became the major spokesman for the civil rights movement. He was assassinated in April 1968. 18:1 The U.S. Civil Rights Movement continued: ● The 1963 March on Washington and King’s “I Have a Dream” speech helped galvanize the movement.

3. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint3 18:1 The Civil Rights Movement continued: ● The urban riots of 1967-1968, Black Power, and court ordered school desegregation busing caused many whites to stop actively supporting the civil rights movement. ●The refusal of the Democratic Party to seat the Freedom Democratic Party from Mississippi at the Atlantic City 1964 Presidential Nominating Convention radicalized many blacks. ● Even with all the progress made during the civil rights movement, blacks, as a group, are still at the bottom of America’s economic system. Fannie Lou Hamer

4. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint4 18:1 The U.S. Civil Rights Movement continued: ● Black Panther Party advocated using violence to combat police brutality. ● The urban riots of 1967-1968, Black Power, and court ordered school desegregation busing caused many whites to stop actively supporting the civil rights movement. ● Even with all the progress made during the civil rights movement, blacks, as a group, are still at the bottom of America’s economic system.

5. Prompt Trace the development of the black civil rights movement from World War II to 1972. Describe the changes that occurred in the motives, assumptions, and leadership of the movement and explain why these changes took place. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint5

6. 6 18:2 Post World War II Feminist Movement in the U.S. ● The civil rights movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique all helped motivate women in the U.S. to work for equal rights with men. ● National Organization of Women (NOW) formed in 1966. ● In 1972 Title IX forbad discrimination because of gender in education. ● Equal Rights Amendment failed to be ratified by states. ● In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled that a woman had a constitutional right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade. ● Women’s pay still lags behind men’s.

7. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint7 ● The legal status of women has improved significantly since World War II in Latin America. ●The growth of women’s legal, education, and political equality has not brought about a significant improvement in social and economic conditions. 18:2 Post World War II Feminist Movement in Latin America ● During the 1970s women played important roles in fighting the military dictatorships of Nicaragua, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina. ● Traditional cultural patterns and the influence of the Catholic Church make abortion illegal in every country in Latin America except Cuba.

8. Prompt Analyze the successes and failures of the feminist movement in the U.S. after World War II? IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint8

9. 9 The registered trademark of the Cleveland Indians 18:3 The post World War II movement for civil rights by Native Americans in the U.S. ● American Indian Movement (AIM) formed in 1968. ● In February 1973 AIM activists occupied the buildings at Wounded Knee, SD. A 71 day siege ensued with the FBI in which two people were killed. ●Indians protested the use of Indian caricatures and demeaning names as mascots for sports teams. ● Congress passed the Indian Self-determination and Education Assistance Act in 1975 and the Indian Health Care Improvement Act in 1976. These two laws strengthened tribal sovereignty, but Indian health still lags far behind non-Indian Americans.

10. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint10 18:3 The post World War II movement for civil rights by Native Americans in Canada ● The Oka Crisis between Mohawks from Kanesatake and the town of Oka illustrates the conflict over land ownership between First Nations and other Canadians. ● In 1953-55 some Inuit were forcibly relocated to Ellesmere Island from Québec to bolster Canadian claims to Arctic area. ● Canadian Native Americans known as First Peoples or First Nations. ● The Oka Crisis helped lead to the formation of the 1991 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. The Commission published a final report with many recommendations, most of which were not adopted by the Canadian government. ● First Nations peoples face a number of problems to greater degrees than Canadians overall.

11. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint11 ● Latin American Indians face discrimination and greater economic and health issues than the non- Indian population. ● The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) was formed in November 1986. CONAIE believes in direct action to improve Indian rights. ● The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) was formed in November 1983 in the Mexican state of Chiapas. Have been violent clashes with Mexican forces. 18:3 The post World War II movement for civil rights by Native Americans in Latin America

12. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint12 18:4 The youth culture of the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s ● Baby boom and robust economy gave youth greater influence than the past. ● By the early 1960s, the Beat message had gained popularity among many college students and formed the foundation of the burgeoning counterculture movement. ● The idea of “free love” was enhanced by the 1960 introduction of the birth control pill.

13. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint13 ● The Free Speech Movement started in 1964 at the University of California, Berkeley. ● Students for Democratic Society formed in 1960 and became preeminent New Left organization. ● The Vietnam War and the civil rights movement strongly influenced the desire of many young people to the challenge the established political and cultural order. ● The hippie movement grew out of the “Beat” scene. 18:4 The youth culture of the U.S. during the 1960s and 1970s continued

14. IB History of the Americas by George Burson ©, published by TEACHINGpoint14 18:4 The youth culture in Mexico during the 1960s ● Mexico City was the host city for the October 1968 Summer Olympics. Student activists realized that the Olympics would give them a world stage and they protested the lack of political freedoms and demanded more governmental accountability. ● On October 2, 1968 Mexican police fired into a student rally at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City and killed 200-300 people. The Tlatelolco Massacre ended the Mexican student movement. ● A native hippie movement known as jipitecas developed afterward that helped lead to a new wave of Mexican music that combined Mexican and foreign music with images of political protest.