1. American Indians – Many tribes

2. Proclomation of In the fall of 1763, a royal decree was issued that prohibited the North American colonists from establishing or maintaining settlements west of an imaginary line running down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. However this angered colonists since they had just fought the Seven Years War to gain rights to the lands west.

3. David R. Wrone, a history professor who has taught and published in Native American studies periodize’s federal policy toward Indians in six phases: Coexistence ( ) Removal and reservations (1829–86) Assimilation ( ) Reorganization (1932–45) Termination (1946–60) Self-determination (1961–85)

4. Coexistence ( )
The Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 marked the beginning of the Trade and Intercourse era.
This act established that no sales of Indian lands were to be made between any persons or states unless the sale was authorized by the United States.
The United States federal government was then granted management of trade and diplomatic relations that involved Indians and their lands.
The main goal of establishing the Trade and Intercourse Act was to keep peace on the frontier and avoid war with the Natives.
Chief Pontiac of
Pontiac’s Rebellion

5. Bureau of Indian Affairs
an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior. It is responsible for the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km2) of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives.

6. Removal and reservations (1829–86)
Western Expansion in the early 19th century put Native Americans in the way
Eastern Indian tribes were forced out of their homelands to barren areas that contained fruitless soils, though they had a prosperous relationship beforehand.
Thomas Jefferson was an advocate for removal to, "give them a space to live undisturbed by white people as they gradually adjust to civilized ways“ and he hoped they would assimilate.
The outcome of this removal devastated the Natives, and cost them their tribal identity and independence.
Sitting Bull
General Custer

7. Trail of Tears or The Indian Removal Act of 1830
During the presidency of Andrew Jackson.
The law authorized the president to negotiate with Indian tribes in the Southern United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands
Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and original Cherokee Nations were forced to relocate

8. Chief Joseph - leader of the Nez Perce tribe was forced to leave Oregon and go to Colville reservation in Washington he started to go peacefully but then attempted to lead his people to Canada instead which ended in battle
“Let me be a free man, free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religion of my fathers, free to talk, think and act for myself — and I will obey every law or submit to the penalty.” ― Chief Joseph
“The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it.” ― Chief Joseph
“From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more, forever.” ― Chief Joseph

9. Crazy Horse- Lahkota warrior – a division of the Sioux Indians

10. Assimilation ( )
The Dawes Act of 1887 or the General Allotment Act.
It gave the federal government the right to divide lands into 160 acre private plots and allowed Native Americans te opportunity to become citizens
The main goal of allotting tribal land was to Americanize Native peoples into mainstream society by learning to farm and own land
The Allotment era resulted in the loss of over two- thirds of tribally entrusted lands from 138 million acres (558,000 km²) in 1871 to 48 million acres (190,000 km²) in The tribes lost their surplus land.
Geronimo
We yell…Geronimo because of
Private Aubrey Eberhardt, member of parachute test platoon at Fort Benning

11. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
restored tribal lands, prohibiting further land divisions – some sub-sections are listed below.
469. Indian corporations; appropriation for organizing – Budget of $250,000/yr. to defray the cost of creating corporations or other organizations prescribed by this Act.
§ 470. Revolving fund; appropriation for loans – Budget of $20,000,000 for loans to Indian chartered corporations for economic development; loan payments go back into the fund.
§ 471. Vocational and trade schools; appropriation for tuition – Budget of $250,000/yr. for loans to pay for tuition at recognized vocational and trade schools.

12. Indian Termination policy 1940-1960
a series of laws and policies with
the intent of assimilating
Native Americans into
mainstream American society.
If you can’t change them, absorb them until they simply disappear into the mainstream culture. ...In Washington’s infinite wisdom, it was decided that tribes should no longer be tribes, never mind that they had been tribes for thousands of years.
Ben Nighthorse Campbell
Former US Senator

13. Public Law 280 (P.L. 280) was an Act passed by Congress in 1953 which extended state criminal and some civil jurisdiction into Indian country in certain named states.

14. Indian Self Determination Act and Educational Assistance Act 1975
The Act allows tribes themselves to assume administrative responsibility for federally funded programs designed for their benefit, primarily services which are administrated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and by the Indian Health Service.
Today most tribes in Alaska run their own programs
health clinics,
social services,
education,
housing,
roads, and
tribal operations such as enrollment,
or form Native owned and operated
non-profit organizations to do so

15. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)1971
The ANCSA allowed for the Alaskan Natives to be given 40 million acres (160,000 km²) of land, federal payments of million dollars over eleven years, and another 500 million dollars to help with mineral development in Alaska. All this was in exchange for the Alaskans giving up their claim to the land. The act also allowed the Alaskan tribe to have freedom from the BIA.

16. Sycuan tribal elder Sandoval –she helped start gaming on her reservation
Russell Charles Means
Famous American Indian activist, tribal leader, Hollywood film actor, writer, and musician.

17. Present Day Native Americans Federal Indian Law
Inherent Sovereignty
Criminal jurisdiction over non- natives
Domestic dependent nations
Plenary power of congress
Government to government relationships
Federal trust responsibility
US Bill of Rights, Indian Civil Rights Act
Indian Country
Cannons of Construction
Double jeopardy