1. Unit Q: Reproductive System

2. Watch Youtube Video CrashCourse How Gonads go……. https://youtu.be/_7rsH2loIY8 https://youtu.be/_7rsH2loIY8

3. Male Reproductive System

4. What is the function of the male reproductive system? What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system? How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems

5. Male Reproductive System Hormone production What is the male sex hormone? What does it do?

6. Male Reproductive System Define reproduction

7. Male Reproductive System  What is the function of the sperm?  How many sperm does the average male have?  How is this different from the female reproductive system?

8. Spermatogenesis (creation of sperm) 1.Testes 2.Epididymis 3.Vas Deferens 4.Ejaculatory Duct 5.Urethra

9. Testes (2)- Primary reproductive organ about size of an egg Produces male gametes (spermatozoa or sperm) and male sex hormone- testosterone Found in pouch of skin called a scrotum Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled Seminiferous Tubules - where sperm develop (spermatogenesis ) FYI-The testicles (also called testes or gonads) are the male sex glands. They are located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. The testicles produce and store sperm, and they are also the body's main source of male hormones (testosterone). These hormones control the development of the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. Testes

10. Descent of the Testes In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum Cryptorchidism- when testes don’t descend Rx- surgical procedure before puberty Scrotum- sac of skin that contains testes

11. Epididymis A structure within the scrotum that is attached to the back side of the testis. The epididymis is a coiled segment of the spermatic ducts that stores spermatozoa while they mature and then transports the spermatozoa between the testis and the tube connecting the testes with the urethra (vas deferens).vas deferens

12. Vas Deferens Runs from Epididymis to ejaculatory duct Seminal Vesicles connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm Ejaculatory Duct- connect vas deferens with urethra – carries sperm out of testes Urethra – shared with urinary and reproductive system

13. Penis Contains erectile tissue End of penis covered by loose fitting skin- Foreskin Foreskin removed during circumcision

14. Prostate Gland Surrounds beginning of urethra Size and shape of a chestnut Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility

15. Bulbourethral Glands Located on either side of prostate - inferior to prostate Pea sized Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

16. Erection and Ejaculation Urethra has dual role- excretion of urine and to expel semen Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood Ejaculation expels semen Impotence- unable to copulate

17. When contraception does not occur- caused by damage to fallopian tubes, low sperm count, hormone imbalance, or other disorders. Infertility

18. Female Reproductive System

19. Ovaries (female gonad) Primary sex organs of the female In lower part of abdominal cavity About the size of an almond 2 functions: 1. produces and stores ova ( Known as the female gamete or Graafian follicle) 2. manufacture female sex hormones - estrogen Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs The ovuThe ovum is the largest cell in the human body. m is the largest cell in the human body. Ovum is the largest cell in the human body.

20. Ovaries cont… A single follicle matures every 28 days- an ovum matures inside- during the reproductive years Reproductive ability begins at puberty- when menarche occurs (first menstrual period) When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins.

21. Ovaries cont… After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube Fertilization takes place in the oviduct of the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH

22. Watch Youtube Video …… https:// https://

23. Watch Youtube Video Ova…… https https

24. Structures of the female reproductive system

25. Watch Youtube Video Boy or girl?…. https://youtu.be/1t0dLqY8 https://youtu.be/1t0dLqY8

26. Fallopian tube Also known as covidut or uterine tube Approximately 4” long Not attached to the ovaries Pregnancy that implants in tube- Ectopic pregnancy Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

27. Uterus cont… Uterine wall- 3 layers, outer layer is the - Perimetrium (or visceral peritoneum, thick muscle layer is the myometrium, and the inner mucous layer is the endometrium Perimetrium Endometrium Myometrium

28. Uterus, cont. Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ. Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum. Fundus -Bulging upper part of the uterus Body - The body is the middle portion Cervix- The narrow portion that extends into the vagina

29. Uterus, cont. Fundus Body Cervix The cervix is the lower end of the uterus Located at the top of the vagina Approximately one inch long

30. Watch Youtube Video Uterus…… https://youtu.be/bdeDSx3eKDk https://youtu.be/bdeDSx3eKDk

31. Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining make more room for childbirth Yeast infection – common after taking antibiotics – itching, buring, white discharge

32. Structure of Female, cont. Vulva- external organs of Reproduction (External Female Genitalia - Provides protection for the internal female reproductive organs Labia majora- folds of skin (fat deposits)that surround the vagina Perineum - area between vagina and rectum Episiotomy - incision in perineum to make more room for childbirth

33. Breast (Mammary Glands) Accessory organs Areola- darkened area that surrounds the nipple Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

34. Watch Youtube Video Female……. https://youtu.be/xTkkhhXqxb8 https://youtu.be/xTkkhhXqxb8

35. Menstrual Cycle –Usually 28 days –Four stages Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage Menstruation stage

36. Menstrual Cycle, cont. The 4 stages: Follicle Stage - FSH from pituitary-> ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature-> releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days

37. Menstrual Cycle, cont. The 4 stages: Ovulation Stage – LH (Leitenizing Hormone), Estrogen and FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) circulate within the body - 14 th day- follicle ruptures and mature ovum Released (ovulation)

38. Menstrual Cycle, cont. Corpus Luteum Stage- corpus luteum secrets progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone (pregnancy hormone), which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days

39. Menstrual Cycle, cont. Menstruation stage –Final stage if fertilization of the ova has not taken place –The corpus luteum diminishes progesterone production –The uterine lining is broken down and discharged over the course of 3 to 6 days

40. Functions of the female reproductive system

41. Watch Youtube Video System…… https://youtu.be/WGJsrGmWeKE https://youtu.be/WGJsrGmWeKE

42. Conception and Pregnancy Germ cells (Gametes)- produced by gonads Female gonad=ovary Female gamete=ova Male gonad=testes Male gamete=sperm Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes- XX Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes- XY

43. Fertilization During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live for a day or two Approx. 100 million sperm in 1cc of semen- if count less than 20 million, man is sterile Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell- Zygote

44. FYI: Fertilization cont.. The zygote has 46 chromosomes It divides, and those cells divide and so on Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo At 3 months, it becomes a fetus

45. Fertilization Cont. Pregnancy= prenatal period or gestation Normal Pregnancy= 40 weeks or 280 days also divided into three trimesters (9 months) Quickening= first recognizable movement of fetus between 4 and 5 months Miscarriage= Spontaneous Abortion

46. Watch Youtube Video Sperm meets Egg ……. https://youtu.be/vFfqLs94iHc https://youtu.be/vFfqLs94iHc

47. Watch Youtube Video Fetal Development ……. https://youtu.be/oeK2kpGRsvs https://youtu.be/oeK2kpGRsvs

48. Reproduction Procedures LAPAROSCOPY  Under anesthesia, abdomen distended with carbon dioxide gas to make organs easier to see  Tube with a light on it is inserted through tiny incision  Can remove tissue with laparoscope MASTECTOMY – surgical removal of the breast MAMMOGRAM – breast x-ray to detect tumors, recommended annually for women  40 Tubal ligation – female sterilization, removal (or closure) of part of the fallopian tubes VASECTOMY – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens CIRCUMCISION – surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of penis

49. Menopause Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Can be induced early by removal of ovaries (oophorectomy) Approximately age 50 Symptoms include: –Hot flashes –Dizziness and headaches –Emotional changes

50. Female Reproductive Disorders CERVICAL CANCER  Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study  Should be done annually  Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus, or HPV. You can get HPV by having sexual contact with someone who has it. There are many types of the HPV virus. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer. Some of them cause genital warts, but other types may not cause any symptoms.human papillomavirussexual contactgenital warts MayoClinic.org

51. Watch Youtube Video HPV & Cervical Cancer……. https://youtu.be/ooOehmPEsKA https://youtu.be/ooOehmPEsKA

52. Female Reproductive Disorders TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME  Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus  Symps – fever, rash, hypotension  Sometimes Caused by – use of tampons  Rx – antibiotics Although toxic shock syndrome has been linked to tampon use in menstruating women, this condition can affect men, children, and people of all ages. According to the National Institutes of Health, tampon use is a factor in less than half of toxic shock cases. (NIH, 2010)NIH, 2010 Infection usually occurs when bacteria enters your body through an opening in your skin. For instance, bacteria can enter through a cut, sore, or other wound. Experts are not sure why tampon use sometimes leads to the condition, according to the Mayo Clinic. Some believe that a tampon left in place for a long period of time attracts bacteria. Another possibility is that tampon fibers scratch the vagina, creating an opening for bacteria to enter your bloodstream. (Mayo Clinic, 2011)Mayo Clinic, 2011 Risk factors for this condition include a recent skin burn, skin infection, or surgery. Other risk factors may include: recent childbirth use of a diaphragm or vaginal sponge to prevent pregnancy an open skin wound MayoClinic.org

53. Female Reproductive Disorders Vaginal yeast infection –What is the cause? –How can it be prevented? –How is it treated? Not a sexually transmitted illness. However, sexual partners may be infected and need to be treated to prevent re-infection.

54. Female Reproductive Disorders Vaginal yeast infection Yeast is a fungus that normally lives in the vagina in small numbers. A vaginal yeast infection means that too many yeast cells are growing in the vagina. These infections are very common. Although they can bother you a lot, they are not usually serious. And treatment is simple. Most yeast infections are caused by a type of yeast called Candida albicans. A healthy vagina has many bacteria and a small number of yeast cells. The most common bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, help keep other organisms— like the yeast—under control. When something happens to change the balance of these organisms, yeast can grow too much and cause symptoms. Taking antibiotics sometimes causes this imbalance. The high estrogen levels caused by pregnancy or hormone therapy can also cause it. So can certain health problems, like diabetes or HIV infection. A yeast infection causes itching or soreness in the vagina and sometimes causes pain or burning when you urinate or have sex. Some women also have a thick, clumpy, white discharge that has no odor and looks a little like cottage cheese. If you practice good genital hygiene, you can help prevent infection. National Cancer Institute (NCI).

55. Female Reproductive Disorders Endometriosis –What is endometriosis? –What are some symptoms? –What are some side effects? –How is it treated?

56. Female Reproductive Disorders Endometriosis -  Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus  Abnormal patches of the uterine lining- Most commonly involves your ovaries, bowel or the tissue lining your pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond your pelvic region.  Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding  Cause – unknown (it thickens, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit your body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas may form. Surrounding tissue can become irritated, eventually developing scar tissue and adhesions — abnormal tissue that binds organs together. can cause pain — sometimes severe — especially during your period. Fertility problems also may develop. Fortunately, effective treatments are available.

57. Female Reproductive Disorders Mastitis –What is mastitis? –What causes it? –How is it contracted? –How is it treated?

58. Female Reproductive Disorders Mastitis inflammation of the breast, bacteria enter through the nipple, infection begins in one lobule, may spread – redness & pain (infection of the breast tissue that results in breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness of the breast. If you have mastitis, you might also experience fever and chills. Mastitis most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis), although sometimes this condition can occur in women who aren't breast-feeding)

59. Female Reproductive Disorders Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) –Define PID. –What are risk factors? –What are some complications of PID? –How is PID treated?

60. Female Reproductive Disorders Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) -an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID.chlamydiagonorrhea If diagnosed early, it can be treated. However, treatment won’t undo any damage that has already happened to your reproductive system. The longer you wait to get treated, the more likely it is that you will have complications from PID. While taking antibiotics, your symptoms may go away before the infection is cured. Even if symptoms go away, you should finish taking all of your medicine. Be sure to tell your recent sex partner(s), so they can get tested and treated for STDs, too. It is also very important that you and your partner both finish your treatment before having any kind of sex so that you don’t re-infect each other. You can get PID again if you get infected with an STD again. Also, if you have had PID before, you have a higher chance of getting it again. There are no tests for PID. A diagnosis is usually based on a combination of your medical history, physical exam, and other test results. You may not realize you have PID because your symptoms may be mild, or you may not experience any symptoms. However, if you do have symptoms, you may notice Pain in your lower abdomen; Fever; An unusual discharge with a bad odor from your vagina; Pain and/or bleeding when you have sex; Burning sensation when you urinate; or Bleeding between periods. If diagnosed and treated early, the complications of PID can be prevented. Some of the complications of PID are Formation of scar tissue both outside and inside the fallopian tubes that can lead to tubal blockage; Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb); Infertility (inability to get pregnant); Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. WebMD Medical Reference…. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. ACOG Patient Education Pamphlet, 1999.

61. Female Reproductive Disorders Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome –Define this disorder. –What is the primary cause? –There are many symptoms. What are the classic symptoms? – How is it treated?

62. Female Reproductive Disorders Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome (is a problem in which a woman's hormones are out of balance. It can cause problems with your periods and make it difficult to get pregnant. PCOS also may cause unwanted changes in the way you look. If it isn't treated, over time it can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease.Polycystic ovary syndromehormonesget pregnantdiabetesheart disease Most women with PCOS grow many small cysts on their ovaries. That is why it is called polycystic ovary syndrome. The cysts are not harmful but lead to hormone imbalances. Early diagnosis and treatment can help control the symptoms and prevent long-term problems. For reasons that are not well understood, in PCOS the hormones get out of balance. One hormone change triggers another, which changes another. For example: The sex hormones get out of balance. Normally, the ovaries make a tiny amount of male sex hormones (androgens). In PCOS, they start making slightly more androgens. This may cause you to stop ovulating, get acne, and grow extra facial and body hair. The body may have a problem using insulin, called insulin resistance. When the body doesn't use insulin well, blood sugar levels go up. Over time, this increases your chance of getting diabetes. WebMD Medical Reference

63. Female Reproductive Disorders Breast cancer –The leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 32 and 52 –Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Partial or full mastectomy Lumpectomy –Life saving measures Monthly breast exams Mammogram Ultrasound Normal Abnormal

64. Female Reproductive Disorders 1.Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides 2.Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple. 3.Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area. 4.There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns. 5.Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately. 6.Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area. Self breast exam 1 2 3 4 5 6

65. Female Reproductive The female reproductive system plays a vital role in homeostasis –Help regulate hormonal balance and fetal development during pregnancy

66. Male Reproductive Disorders Erectile Dysfunction Also known as impotence Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur. –Common causes : Causes include medications, chronic illnesses, poor blood flow to the penis, drinking too much alcohol, or being too tired. How is it treated? Sometimes, treating an underlying condition is enough to reverse erectile dysfunction. In other cases, medications or other direct treatments might be needed.

67. Male Reproductive Disorders BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)  Enlarged prostate  More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms  Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.  This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency – Sx dysuria & retention  Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy  Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

68. Sexually Transmitted Diseases GENITAL HERPES  Viral  Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia  Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual  Females – may need a c- section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

69. Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections Chlamydia –Most common curable STD in US –Up to 80% of women and 25% of men have no symptoms –Rx- antibiotics

70. Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections Gonorrhea 2 nd most common curable STD in US –Sx – painful urination and yellow discharge in males…often none in females The Clap (Gonorrhea)

71. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Genital Warts –Human papillomavirus –Wart is usually symptomatic, often not visible to the naked eye –May look like small, hard, round spots resembling cauliflower –Diagnosis by examination –Rx- acid or cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen)

72. Contraception Methods of preventing pregnancy Some degree of protection against STDs (STI’s) with some types.

73. MethodEffectiveness Abstinence100% Sterilization100% Birth Control pills95-99% IUD93-99% Diaphragm90-99% Condom85-97% Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawl and Rhythm???-85%

74. Watch Youtube Video STI’s (STD’s) ……. https://youtu.be/llnXtPZOazM https://youtu.be/llnXtPZOazM

75. Sterilization Male – VASECTOMY (Vas Deferens) Female – TUBAL LIGATION (Fallopian Tube)

76. Watch Youtube Video …….