1. HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE TOPIC: THEORIES OF ABNORMALITY

2. PRESENTERS  ACHSAH MALAGO  ALBERT MLIGO  BAHATI MRIKARIA  CHARLES CHARLES PETRO  DARLING CHIRAGWILE  EDWIN ERASTO  ENAWIN GODLOVE  GITOMELDA ASKWERY  JOACHIM J. PARESSO  FACILITATOR: MR. ISAACK LEMA

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS  INTRODUCTION  DEFINITION OF TERMS  OBJECTIVES  MAIN DISCUSSION  SUMMARRY  CONCLUSSION  RECOMMENDATIONS  REFERENCES

4. INTRODUCTION CRITERIA FOR DEFINING ABNORMALITY INCLUDES  Personal distress : Subjective experience and suffering  Violation with social norms: Exhibits behavior that is socially undiserable  Maladaptive behavior : Has impaired functioning eg,insomnia  Danger to self or to others : Usually dangerous to self via poor judgment

5. A S FAR AS SEVERAL RESEARCH ARE CONCERNED There are some existing disorders that can be classified under mental disorders like: a. Anxiety disorders b. Eating disorders c. Sexual disorders d. Personality disorders e. Impulse control disorders f. Mood disorders g. Dissociative disorders

6. W HAT IS A NORMAL PERSON ? A normal person should be: i. In touch with his/her own identity ii. Resistant to stress iii. Focused on a future in self actualization iv. Empathy in understanding of others

7. DEFINITION OF TERMS Abnormal psychology: The study of the development of abnormal behavior Diathesis: An individual`s vulnerability toward having a particular abnormality or disease Psychopathology:Behavioral, emotional or thought patterns that are deemed or atypical because they cause personal distress or imparred functioning

8. OBJECTIVES Distinguish among biological, psychological and social approaches to abnormality. Discuss three biological causes of abnormality. Summarize classical and operant conditioning and give examples of each. Discuss observational learning and modeling. Discuss the social theories of abnormality in terms of the hypothesized role of interpersonal relationships, family dynamics and the larger society in producing psychological symptoms

9. Biological theory of abnormality is due to : A. Abnormality in structure of the brain cause mental disorder. Abnormality in brain occurs In three regions that are : i. Cerebral cortex: Its associates with poor judgement and insight in emotional abilities and euphoria BIOLOGICAL THEORY OF ABNORMALITY

10. ii.Hypothalamus: The posterior region of hypothalamus is especially important in the study of violence they also involve in control of emergency response required when an animal is threatened iii.Limbic system: Involve hypocampus,amygdala etc. which also involved in memory and socialization B IOLOGICAL THEORY CONT ……

11. b. Gene factor in abnormality  Is due to defective gene caused by either pressure of extra gene in the chromosomes example of such condition are Klinefelter syndrome  Also genetic factor is associates with mutations B IOLOGICAL THEORY CONT ……

12. C. Biochemical cause of abnormality: Is due to neural transmitter imbalance. There are about 2 billion neurons in the brain and each neuron can interact with 10,000 other neurons Imbalance of neurotransmitter can be caused by either hyper secretion or hypo secretion B IOLOGICAL THEORY CONT …..

13. Psychological abnormality results as one grows, these effects may develop as a result of listening or viewing different mind,distructive things such as assacinatrous,e.t.c This is to say the surrounding environment has a large effect to psychological well being. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF ABNORMALITY

14. The environment causes which may lead to psychological abnormality are such as;  Unconscious conflicts between primitive desires and constraints, which may give rise to mental illness.  Symptoms of mental disorders due to reinforcements and punishments for specific behaviors and feelings.  People’s way of interpreting situations, involving their assumptions about the world and self-concepts can cause negative feelings/behaviour. P SYCHOLOGICAL THEORY CONT ….

15. All the things mentioned lies under an unconscious mind The concept of unconcious is widely accepted It was the first theory to suggest that adult abnormality is caused in childhood It inverted talking therapy S TRENGTH OF THE THEORY

16. DIASTHESIS-STRESS MODEL  Diathesis-stress model is psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositonal vulnerability together with stress from life experience  The term diathesis derives from the greak term for disposition or vulnerability and it can take the form of genetic, psychological, biological or situational factors. A large range of individual differences exists between person`s vulnerability and developmental disorder

17. DIASTHESIS The term diasthesis is synonymous with vulnerability Meaning a state of an individual to fail to defend him or her self Stress can be conceptualized as a life event that disrupts the equilibrium of a person`s life. Forinstance a person may be valnerable to become depressed but will not develop depression unless he or she is exposed to a specific stress which may trigger a depressive disorder

18. D IATHESIS - SRESS MODEL

19. BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERGRATION THEORY Biopsychosocial is one among the theories of abnormality which explain intergration of biological, psychological and social on controlling the behavior of an individual The theory shows interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, disability etc), psychological factors (mood, personality behavior etc) and social factors (cultural, familly, socio-economic etc)

20. D IAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE THEORY BIOLOGICAL Diseases Symptoms PSYCHOLOGICAL Guilty Stress Anxiety SOCIAL Hobbies Isolation Family Friends Career

21. BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL CONT…. Failure of interaction of one or two of the factors either social factors and biological factors or social factors and psychological factors may cause abnormal behavior on the person For example: Let consider situation of divorcing, when the relationship between two couples reach the end one of two couple or both may develop behavior which is abnormal like taking alcohol in order to reduce stress

22. ADVANTAGES OF THE THEORY The theory consider three aspects biological, psychological and social on influencing health care o Another advantage is that cure, recovery and good healthcare not completely in the hands of medical experts but are infacts, partly in control of the patients themselves. So treatment of patients psychologically and biologically alongside with medical expert may bring quick recovery

23. DISADVANTAGES OF THEORY The theory assume that all mental are in fact psychological. This is not true forexample getting accidents which lead to disability this is not due to intergration of biosychosocial factors Some critics feel that incorrect behavior cannot be treated as a medical condition as very rare do biological factors have a role in inducing it.

24. B EHAVIORAL THEORY OF ABNORMALITY This focuses more on observable behavior than on the inner mental life. In this perspective the abnormal behavior is based on learning in environmental experience. This theory is well defined under the following perspectives:

25. B EHAVIORAL THEORY CONT..  Classical condition This is the learning process in which unrelated stimulus repeatedly paired and over time reaction to the second stimulus can be achieved by first stimulus alone. Example : The presence of food will make a dog drool as it in a biological response, Ivan Pavlov notice that the dog in this house will start drooling at the sound of the footstep of the person that come to feed them and there was any food present.

26. B EHAVIORAL THEORY CONT..  Operant Condition This involve the shaping of abnormal behavior through reinforces. This includes the positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. If the abnormal behavior is reinforced it will be repeatedly hence abnormality.

27. B EHAVIORAL THEORY CONT.. Positive reinforcement In this aspect the abnormality can occur through rewards as the positive reinforcement(rewards by pleasurable reinforcement). Example : A person who gets who gets what they want they has been the positive reinforced behave aggressive towards people, therefore in this example aggressive behavior and so the people is more likely to behave aggressive towards people in future.

28. BEHAVIORAL THEORY CONT.. Negative reinforcement This involve the use of punishment so as to shape the behavior of a person/individual. Example: A social phobic feel relieved of anxiety when she avoids parties so she continue to avoid  Modeling theory Learning based on observing others, even in the absence of obvious reinforces, we are influenced by watching and initiating others. We are influenced by the rewards an punishments others receive for their actions e.g. peer group.

29. H UMANISTIC APPROACH The humanistic approach says that abnormality occurs when people are not able to be their authentic selves. According to humanistic psychology, people can only be their authentic selves when their physical and social needs are met first. However, because many people do not have those needs met, they not able to pursue their deepest true passion.

30. S OCIOCULTURAL APPROACH People don’t live in a vacuum, which is why the sociocultural approach looks at the impact of society on abnormal psychology. Whether it is family dynamics, cultural expectations or societal biases, sociocultural psychologists look at the way society can cause or exacerbate abnormality. Treatments include therapy, including group sessions, where people can get support and find a way to deal with the pressure of the world around them.

31. C OGNITIVE MODEL OF ABNORMALITY This model is based on the idea that faulty thinking causes faulty behaviors and that negative thoughts lead to irrational beliefs and illogical errors. Psychologists who follow the cognitive approach explain abnormality in terms of the thought processes of the patient. Thought processes and perceptions are viewed as the major force of the mental ill, and treatment focuses on changing maladaptive thought patterns.

32. There are three main areas of the model which are: a) Beck’s Cognitive Triad b) Seligman’s Theory of Attribution c) The Three Biases  Beck’s Cognitive Triad According to Beck, this is cycle which is thought to lead to depression. The component of the triad are: negative views about the world, negative views about one self and negative views about the future thus in turn lead to each other.

33. Negative views about the world Negative views about one self Negative views about the future

34.  Seligman’s Theory of Attribution This is the theory that how a person perceives an event will affect their behavior. An event can be internal, external, stable, unstable, global and specific. Example - failing a driving test. Internal - “I need more lessons”. External - “the examiner don’t like me”. Stable - “no matter what I do, I’ll always fail”. Unstable - “I’ll work hard and pass next time” Global - “I’ll fail at life”. Specific – “I may fail my driving test but I will pass other things”

35.  The Three Biases This are said to add negative thoughts and irrational beliefs Attention- people with anxiety disorders automatically give attention and information they are anxious about triggering maladaptive thoughts Reasoning - people suffering from psychological disorders show biases in their reasoning. Memory- people suffering from depression are more likely to recall negative information adding to irrational beliefs.

36. SUMMARRY Deviation from Mental health. T Apart from defining what is abnormal from above theories we can also define what is normal/ideal and anything that deviates from this is regarded as abnormal. This is called Deviation from Mental health. There are six criteria by which mental health could be measured: 1) 1) Positive view of the self 2) C 2) Capability of growth and development 3) Autonomy and independence 4) Positive friendship and relationship 5) Accurate perception of reality 6) Environmental mastery

37. CONCLUSSION As far as several theories are concerned it has been observed that 95 % of people in the society or community or any group of people are not normal. For any one to be considered as a normal person he / she must be compartible with the characteristics that defines a normal person forinstance a normal person should be intouch with his / her own identity like having stable self esteem and self loving

38. REFFERENCES Psychology lecture notes by Wayne Hooke Oxford dictionary Google

39. Any question…

40. Thank you for listening