1. APL100T unit 1 Literacy, genre, academic writing and vocabulary (morphology) Compiled by Me M. Masango & Dr. C. Smith

2. Inspiration for the day

3. Learning outcomes and assessment criteria Outcomes Identify different types of literacy Discuss the importance of mother tongue language acquisition Discuss the importance of literacy Write an essay of 1000 words on the importance of literacy. See slides for tips and more on content Assessment criteria Different types of literacy are identified The importance of mother tongue language acquisition is discussed The importance of literacy is discussed An essay is written on the importance of literacy

4. Sources Seligmann, J. 2012. Academic literacy for Education students. SA: Oxford University Press. Bock, S & Mheta, G. 2014. Language society and communication. Journal articles

5. Language acquisition and language learning Language learning distinguishes humans from animals By the act of learning a language a child becomes a person Literacy skills are deemed as important human resources According to Vygotsky language mediates our understanding Language is a social mode of thinking Language is also the main medium of educational practice Language is a socio cultural tool as it is a way of transforming experience into cultural knowledge Language is a means of communication

6. A case for mother tongue education To do: Discuss arguments for and against mother tongue instruction of language

7. Mother tongue instruction The child /person can use his own reality for learning a language To be able to learn through the mother tongue equals emancipatory literacy Mother tongue instruction ensures that learners are free from decolonisation of the mind Mother tongue instruction ensures reconstruction of history and culture

8. Genres (fields/realms/typical kind) Examples are e.g. poetry, drama, linguistics Genres develop because of repeated ways that people do things in cultural communities Literacy practices display characteristics developed over time and groups develop their own insider ways of doing things and using the language Social practices differ from community to community The form of the text and its purpose influence genre Genre shapes the form and specific communities we interact in Previous experiences can also influence the way we perceive genre

9. Academic genres embrace: Research articles Argumentative essays Conference abstracts Book reviews Dissertations Textbooks Proposals Laboratory reports etc.

10. Recognition of genres Recognition of genres is essential in dealing with academic texts Previous genre knowledge assist the reader of the text to make certain inferences The use of language, structure, vocabulary syntax, and tone can impact the relationship between the text and the reader Knowledge of genre can ensure access to a certain discourse community

11. Academic genres and their purpose (Seligmann, 2012:35) GenreSocial purpose NarrativeTo tell a story RecountTo reconstruct a past experience Information reportTo represent factual information DiscussionTo present information and opinions ExplanationTo explain why things are what they are ExpositionTo advance or justify an argument ProcedureTo show how something can be accomplished

12. The audience The tone of the writing is influenced by the relationship between the audience and the text Genre forms part of our schemata or abstract knowledge Genres are not intended to inhibit the writer or to predict a fixed or rigid way of thinking Genres are open rather than closed systems of understanding and constructing texts

13. Spoken and written texts SPOKEN TEXTS Produced in context with the listener Produced in conjunction with other speakers Develop topics based on shared knowledge Have reception and refinement between speakers Short and simple sentences Include pauses and interruptions Use active verbs Use contractions (don’t) Use more clichés Use general vocabulary WRITTEN TEXTS Are produced at a distance from the reader Are products of a single part although they may be collaboratively constructed use full sentences with longer and more complex clauses Develop topics explicitly Have an explicit indication of text organisation Use more passive verb forms Have more cohesive ties between sentences

14. Differences: Formal and informal language Formal language Aim: inform Structure: report Vocabulary: formal Context: professional Readers: Professionals Relationship between readers and writers: distant factual Informal language Aim: entertain Structure: conversation e.g. friendly letter Vocabulary: Colloquial Context personal Readers: friends and social contacts Relationship between readers and writers: friendly emotional

15. Terminology; three dimensions influencing text choices Field: the social activity involved in Tenor: relationship of participants in the interaction Mode: the role of language wholly written, spoken etc.

16. To do: identify formal and informal sentences A) Well probably complete the project next year. B)I proved that this argument does not hold water. C) It’s possible to decide what to do. D) I’m gonna relax tomorrow. E) I though it was oaky to show the results in the form of a graph. F) There are a number of reasons why the questionnaire should be revised.

17. Vocabulary Shift A change in style necessitates a change in the choice of vocabulary used. Words must still be appropriate and pitched at the right level.

18. To Do: Match the words Went up Set up Brought up Found out Put off Come up Cut down Come across Produce Raised Reduced Discovered Established Encountered decreased

19. Literacy (Seligmann) Definition: The ability to read and write within a particular cultural context Types: personal: experiences that shaped an individual’s ability to read or write Academic literacy: a socially accepted way of communicating in a particular discourse community e.g. History. It is also formal Computer literacy: To be able to use technology to read or write within a cultural context

20. Personal literacy Seligmann (2012:55-62) maintains that our literacy may differ a lot depending on our childhood background and school experiences. Children growing up with parents who foster a love and culture of reading and learning will of necessity impact their child’s level of literacy in a positive manner. A story of one’s life reflecting on one’s personal background is called an autobiography which informs others about experiences that shaped the individual’s level of literacy

21. Academic literacy Discourse: This term is defined as “ socially accepted ways of using language. In a university, there are different discourse communities that are bound together by their own use of language”(Seligmann,2012:61). Listening, speaking, reading and writing skills all form part of a growing academic literacy.

22. Visual literacy Students need visual images Visual images help them read and understand Visual information can support reading and help make meaning of text. Focus on how to use images to build skills.

23. Computer literacy 10 things you have to know to be computer literate 1: Search engines 2. Word processing 3.Spread sheets 4. Browser basics 5. Virus scanning 6. Key board terms 7.Hardware functions 8. Networking 9. How to hook it up 10. Security By Justin James in 10 Things, February 6, 2012, 5:46 AM PST //TechrepublicJustin James10 Things

24. Information literacy

25. Defining literacy Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary online (www.m- w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary) defines literacy as "the quality or state of being literate." Being literate, derives from Middle English and Latin terms: "marked with letters" and "letters, literature." From these two definitions are formed:www.m- w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary 1) "able to read and write," and 2) "versed in literature or creative writing...having knowledge or competence."

26. Adapted from wikipedia

27. Literacy levels: wikipedia

28. CAPS on literacy “Literacy – the ability to read and use written information and to write for different purposes. It is part of a general ability to make sense of one's world. Literacies – there are various kinds of literacy: reading and writing; cultural literacy (understanding the cultural, social and ideological values that shape our reading of texts); critical literacy (the ability to respond critically to the messages in texts); visual literacy (the reading/writing of images, signs, pictures, etc.); media literacy (the reading of newspapers, magazines, television and film as cultural messages).”

29. Causes of illiteracy Illiteracy is further caused by problems such as: geographic isolation, linguistic diversity, malnutrition, overpopulation, social and ethnic tensions, inadequate national infrastructures and non- supportive national and international economic policies. There is no quick-fix to this continuing problem. A concerted international effort is required with entities at all levels co- operating towards a viable solution. Information adapted from (URL: http://www.sil.org/literacy/lit90/illit.htm http://www.sil.org/literacy/lit90/illit.htm

30. Interesting facts New source: (http://wwwasha.org facts on illiteracy ) -Early Literacy Did You Know? 1 out of every 5 of our nation's school-age children battle with reading failures. The majority of poor readers have problems with spoken-language deficits already from the first grades. A child who is still battling with fluency when reading by 4 th grade is likely to have problems with reading in adulthood. Poor reading and writing skills have a devastating lifelong impact - 75% of school dropouts report reading problems, and at least half of adolescents and young adults with criminal records have reading difficulties.

31. Literacy ( Hiebert, L. 2015. Literacy must be on the global development agenda. Worldvision international, Mon, Sept:1-3).

32. The global literacy rate The literacy rate among young people between 15 and 24 years of age has improved from 83 per cent in 1990 to 91 per cent in 2015. These numbers should be praised, but carefully.. Globally, 250 million children, embracing many of the most vulnerable, are not learning the basic language and communication skills – reading, writing and maths – even though half have attended school for at least four years (Hiebert, 2015:1).

33. Lundgren, B. Scheckle, E. Zinn, D. Teachers’ professional development: Awareness of literacy practices South African Journal of Education, 35 (1), February 2015 Four concepts are linked with literacy. They are namely access, deconstruction, reconstruction and domination Access depicts who is given access to literacy and the manner in which it takes place Deconstruction refers to an analysis of the specific type of text and the typical linguistic characteristics and structures of the text This awareness provides learners the opportunity to reconstruct, build their own texts. Domination refers to those structures, which include or exclude learners from writing

34. More on literacy. Home language has an important impact on reading competence since many learners choose to learn via English as their LoLT English remains a second or third language and a challenge to many Furthermore, many learners in South Africa come from environments where school literacy is not advocated and reading habits are neglected

35. Assignment 1 for marks: The importance of literacy (100) See rubric Write an individual essay on the importance of literacy. Length: 1000 words. 1.5 spacing.12 font Arial. Structure your essay as follows: Definitions Benefits of literacy Ways to promote literacy The role of reading in literacy Poverty and literacy levels Global literacy levels Conclusion Bibliography You must do research and refer to at least 4 sources

36. Rubric 25x4=100 Code RUBRIC 15Content10 Language, structure and referencing Code 712-15 In depth interpretation of topic Excellent understanding 8-10 Coherent-excellent Lang impressive Referencing excellent Code 610½-11½ All aspects adequately explored. Good understanding 7-7½ Arguments in line- easy to follow Good presentation Referencing properly done Code 59-10 Some of the points mentioned but not fully explored 6-6½ Logical flow, clear structure and correct language Some evidence of referencing Code 47½-8½ Fair interpretation Some pints mentioned and explained 5-5½ Minor language errors Adequate Referencing adequate Code 36-7 A few aspects mentioned and not fully explained 4-4½ Moderate-language errors evident Code 24½-5½ Poor grasp Repetitive and aspects not all mentioned 3-3½ Poor presentation Faulty sentence construction Many language errors Poor referencing Code 10-4Not achieved0-2Poor language and sentence construction No proper referencing

37. Tips Use the present tense when referring to other sources e.g. Mouton (2014:10) says that …. Use formal language and avoid contractions Avoid repetition Structure your essay Start with an attention-grabbing introduction Do not forget your bibliography