1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nervous System Central Nervous System BrainSpinal cord Peripheral Nervous System SomaticAutonomic SympatheticParasympathetic

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3. The Nervous System Definitions Nervous system—consists of the brain and the neurons extending throughout the body Central Nervous System—consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System—contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord Somatic division—specializes in the control of voluntary movements and communication to the sense organs Autonomic division—concerned with parts of the body that function without our awareness Sympathetic division—prepares the body for stressful emergency situations Parasympathetic division—calms the body after emergency

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Spinal Cord The thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body Extends from the brain stem and runs down the middle of back Sensory nerves and motor nerves Interneurons in the spinal cord connect sensory and motor nerves without reporting to the brain. This will explain what? Ex) carrying a book

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7. Endocrine System Consists of glands that release hormones, molecules that influence particular organs Sends messages through the bloodstream Ex) mail vs. email regulates emotions, and overall functioning and growth of body Closely linked to the hypothalamus

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hormones Chemical messengers like NTs Minutes vs. thousandths of a second Travel throughout the entire body, not specific lines Ingestion of artificial hormones HRT and steroids

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pituitary Gland Found near and regulated by the hypothalamus Controls the other glands in the body (master gland) Releases hormones that influence growth, blood pressure, and other functions Short vs. tall people

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adrenal Glands Releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal Cortisol regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular function, as well as the use of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats Elevated in response to physical and psychological stressors PTSD in rats Adrenaline triggers many actions Contraction of heart muscle and constriction of blood vessels Opening of lungs Breakdown of fat Breakdown of glycogen Open the pupils Ex) loss of appetite when we are nervous

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sexual Reproductive Glands Testes in males and ovaries in females Both sexes manufacture testosterone (male sex hormone) and estrogen (female sex hormone) Controversy over correlation between aggression and testosterone Minimal level of testosterone Too much testosterone Aggression causes high testosterone???

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Brain The CNS, particularly the brain, is divided into systems based on location and function

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cerebral Cortex The forebrain is the most developed area of the human brain, giving us our advanced intellectual abilities Consists of two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus collosum which allows communication between them epilepsy

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15. Majority of the forebrain is composed of the cerebral cortex Can be divided into four lobes, each associated with a different function

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Frontal Lobes Assist in motor function, language, memory Oversee and organize most other brain functions (executive functioning) Someone give me an example of an executive function? The body is mapped onto the motor cortex Central sulcus Wilder Penfield experiments The prefrontal cortex is responsible for thinking, planning, and language

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Broca’s Aphasia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Parietal Lobe Specialized for touch and perception Contains the somatosensory cortex, which is sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature Communicates information to the motor cortex every time we reach, grasp, or move our eyes Links the two lobes to respond to stimuli more efficiently

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20. Temporal Lobe Lower part of the cerebral cortex, it plays a role in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories Contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area, responsible for speech comprehension

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Wernicke’s Aphasia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o9La8cn7DI

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Occipital Lobe Lies at the rear of the brain and is specialized for vision When sensory information enters the brain, it first goes to that sense’s primary sensory cortex, then to the association cortex Vision-size, shape, color, etc

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24. Crosstalk between Lobes Example of taking a bite of a friend’s snack Temporal-Occipital-Frontal-Parietal-Frontal

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Basal Ganglia Forebrain structure that helps control movement Allows us to perform movements to obtain rewards and reinforcement Damage can contribute to Parkinson’s disease

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Limbic System The emotional center of the brain that also has a role in smell, motivation, and memory Eating, aggression, and reproduction Thalamus relays information from the sense organs to primary sensory cortex Hypothalamus regulates and controls internal bodily states; controls the pituitary gland Links conscious and unconscious

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Limbic System Amygdala plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal Emotional component of all behavior Hippocampus plays a role in spatial memory; damage causes inability to form new memories Ex) cues in a room for a rat

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30. Brain Stem Connects the cerebral cortex and spinal cord Performs some basic bodily functions Serves as a relay station between the cortex and rest of nervous system

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Brain Stem Midbrain contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound Reticular Activating System connects the forebrain and cerebral cortex and plays key role in arousal

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hindbrain Cerebellum plays a predominant role in our sense of balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills Pons connects cortex to cerebellum and triggers dreams Medulla regulates breathing, heartbeat, and other vital functions

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Neural Plasticity Changes over time in brain and nervous system Shifts functions Neurogenesis—formation of new neurons in the adult brain What does this mean for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders? Brain mapping—growth of certain areas after use Neurons change in four ways during development Growth of dendrites and axons Synaptogenesis Pruning Myelination

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Neural Plasticity During learning, long-term potentiation occurs and makes synapses perform better Once we reach adulthood, our plasticity decreases sharply and we can recover only partially from brain injury and illness

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Which Area for What Task? Many areas of the brain are associated with a particular function (localization of function) Contralateral representation However, complex tasks often require numerous parts working together Ex) think about Marine sniper about to take a shot Each region participates in many functions, so coordination across multiple brain regions contributes to each function

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Which Side Do We Use for What? Many brain functions show lateralization Left-handers or ambidextrous Brain injury on left side—compensation LEFT HEMISPHERE Fine-tuned language skills Speech comprehension Speech production Phonology Syntax Reading Writing Actions Making facial expressions Motion detection RIGHT HEMISPHERE Course language skills Simple speech Simple writing Tone of voice Visuospatial skills Perceptual grouping Face perception

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Split Brains Split brain procedure: Used for epilepsy Corpus callosum may be responsible for seizures The two hemispheres are disconnected Surgeries produced some visible side effects Speech Motor movement

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Olfaction and Split Brain Olfaction is the one exception to the crossed representation of sensory information Left nostril sniffs flower Right nostril sniffs flower Using the left hand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zx53Zj7EKQE