1. Chapter 2: Wireless, Mobile, and Wearable Devices

2. Objectives Discuss the wireless, ubiquitous and wearable devices Understand about devices consideration Discuss and understand about devices features and issue

3. Wireless Network Devices Two basic hardware for any wireless network: central access point (A.P) network adapter (N.A) Central access point: devices which act like a hub to connect the wireless network to the wired network. control all the access points on the network

4. Central access point

5. Wireless Network Devices Central access point (cont…): play a major role in wireless network by controlling the network resources to ensure everything run smoothly. various terms: wireless gateway, wireless router and base station. Apple Air Port Base StationLinksys Wireless AP

6. Wireless Network Devices Central access point (cont…): single access point is enough to control the network for small wireless network to set up a wireless local area network (WLAN): multiple access points are required to be located in strategic place in order to extend the wireless signal will keep the traveling data on the wireless network move smoothly several other features that an access point can do are listed in Table 1.

7. Table 1 FeatureDescription Client Association  Act as a transceiver to send and receive data from wireless computers and devices Wired/ Wireless Bridging  Function as a network bridge to connect wired computers and wireless computers Wireless/ Wireless Bridging  Become a repeater to strengthen the wireless signal from one access point to another

8. Table 1 FeatureDescription Internet Sharing  A.P can be connected to external modem hence allow attachment between wireless n/w & high-speed connection (act like a gateway) Security  A.P can restrict access based on an identifier built into the wireless client, or pass along information to other hardware or software on a network to authenticate a user

9. Wireless Network Devices Network adapter: devices that connect desktop computers to the access points via wireless communication. fit inside the computers using several ways E.g.: PC Card bay, PCI slot or other custom slot If lack internal slot, network adapters can be plugged in external adapters that use USB or Ethernet Both devices (A.P & N.A) use antennas (build-in or external) to capture the signal

10. Network Adapter

11. Wireless Network Devices Network adapter (cont…): installed on client’s computer  can receive signal generated from an access point has few shapes, sizes, and different names depends on its manufacturer. two types: internal wireless adapter (card) external wireless adapter

12. Internal Wireless Adapter The best option available to wireless client computers. Cheaper. Hard to install/remove. PCI wireless Card is an example of internal wireless card available on the market currently. Some permits the user to extend the antennas by providing a special port to plug the external antennas.

13. Internal Wireless Adapter PCI Card Wireless adapters for the PCI interface mostly are found in the desktop computers Installed on the PCI slot and need some configuration before they can be operated Some PCI cards have external antennas; others provide jacks for higher-powered antennas

14. Internal Wireless Adapter PCI Card Wireless PCI Card The card is installed normally on PCI slot

15. External Wireless Adapter Normally thin, rectangular products, shaped more or less like a thick credit card. Most of them have antennas built-in Example PCMCIA Wireless Card CompactFlash Wireless Card

16. External Wireless Adapter PCMCIA Card PCMCIA Card PC Card will be plugged into the PCMCIA slot

17. External Wireless Adapter CompactFlash Card Pocket PC with CompactFlash card installed

18. Wearable Computer Devices A lot of innovations have already invented since the existing of digital computers One of them is wearable computer The concept that blend humans and machine Aim: to enable computer users accessing their data and information in anywhere and anytime they want especially when moving around the environment

19. Barfield, W. & Caudell, T. (2001). Fundamental of wearable computers and augmented reality. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Wearable Computer Devices Four components required to design a wearable computer (Barfield and Caudell,2001) : Input and output devices Display technology Image registration techniques Power supplies

20. Wearable Computer Devices

21. Wearable Input Devices Main function  Main function  to allow users interacting with virtual text or images being presented on the screen Most are custom-built to accommodate the shape and size of the computer Example of input device normally used to enter data and text input are: Body-mounted keyboards Lighting pen Track balls Data glove

22. Wearable Input Devices Body-mounted keyboards Lighting pen Data glove Track balls

23. Wearable Input Devices One of the main advantages of using a wearable computer is that it allows the option of hands-free use Complete hands-free operation  speech recognition or other related devices are compulsory to enable the interaction between users and the computer Most important factor  must be unique, accurate, and easy to use on the job

24. Wearable CPUs Works exactly like a CPU installed in a desktop or mobile computer. Wearable computer CPU’s must be small and easy to be located in the computer. If use ordinary CPU, modification is required to suit the shape of the wearable computer. There is small embedded CPU such as Intel 8051 (currently Intel 8052).

25. Wearable CPUs Intel 8051 (currently Intel 8052): allow wearable computer to be resized into a small machine act like a microcontroller to control electronic devices installed in the wearable computer iButton from Dallas Semiconductor has fully utilized this technology to transform the computer into a size of only a small button

26. Wearable CPUs An iButton can has almost all important functions that offered by desktop computer

27. Wearable Storage Device Data storage still occupies a lot of space in a wearable computer. Previously, the hard disc storage capacity is high but it is simply not possible to shrink its size smaller meanwhile maintaining its capacity With more invention of external disk such as CompactFlash and Pen Drive available in the market, this size obstacle can be minimized

28. Wearable Storage Device Bigger Size Storage Device Smaller & Portable Storage Device

29. Wearable Display Technology Has a characteristic that enable graphics and text to be merge with real-world imaginary. Enhance the image and make it more meaningful

30. Wearable Display Technology Imagine that we are walking in a forest, when we see a tree; the wearable computer that we wear (a head-held wearable computer) can display the species of the tree, the height of the tree and the age of the tree. Surely the journey will be more exciting

31. Wearable Display Technology There are different types of wearable visual display technologies, which can be used to combine real-world objects with computer-generated imagery. Two main types of visual display system supporting wearable computers are: Optical-based system Video-based system

32. Wearable Display Technology Optical-based system Allows the observer to view the real world directly with one or both eyes with computer graphics or text overlaid onto the real world image. The wearable display screen are worn like glasses with an optical system attached at a location that does not interfere with visibility

33. Wearable Display Technology Video-based system Can be used to view live video of real-world scenes, combined with overlaid graphics or text Video based see-through displays are opaque display that use cameras mounted near the users eyes to present live video on the display Using chroma or luminance keying techniques, the computer fuses the video with images to create a video-based augmented environment

34. How video-based display system works ? 1. 1. Wearable computer with binoculars video-based display system installed 2. 2. Wearable computer capture the real- world image

35. How video-based display system works ? 3. 3. Real-world images are opaque so that graphic and text can be overlaid 4. 4. The outcome displayed on the wearable display

36. Image registration techniques Aligning the virtual elements with the physical objects they annotate. Can be done by: tracking the position and orientation of the user’s head and relating that measurement to a model of the environment making the computer “see” and potentially interpret the environment by means of cameras and computer vision.

37. Wearable Power Supplies Power supply unit is very important  provides electricity to the computer Unlike desktop computers which consume electricity from the power unit, wearable computer has to rely on this unit to be operated The power is generated from the battery like laptop. Battery needs to be frequently charge to ensure smooth operation.

38. Wearable Power Supplies Wearable Computer Power Supply Unit

39. Wearable Storage Device External discs are portable, cheap and in certain circumstances they have the same ability as the internal hard disc. Typically, the location of the storage device for a wearable computer is in a waist belt. The closeness to the center of gravity and small amount of translational body movement ensures a secure operating environment for non-solid state storage devices.

40. Device Considerations For Wearable And Wireless Computing Numerous pieces of components are available nowadays as most of them can be jointed together to make wearable, portable or even wireless computer devices : Six considerations that should be examined (Engst and Fleishman, 2004): 1. 1. Device Compatibility Option 2. 2. Configuration Interface 3. 3. Network Services 4. 4. Security 5. 5. ISP Interaction 6. 6. Cost

41. 1. Device Compatibility Option Compatibility: devices are flexible to works with any standards, projects, and easy to be connected with other device from various manufacturers. devices are flexible for future extension in case the projects or networks are getting bigger in the future (sometime called scalability) E.g.: Wireless networks can support large numbers of nodes and/or large physical areas by adding access points to boost or extend coverage.

42. 1. Device Compatibility Option Compatible devices allows the design of a stable and robust project: Easier communication among networked computer Sent and request data easily without problems No protocol problems among device from various manufacturers.

43. 2. Configuration Interface The simplicity of a device to be installed and configured can contribute the successful of a project. Most devices nowadays support local and web configuration environment  very easy to be plugged on any projects Few devices support only proprietary platform for example Windows or Macintosh, limiting their markets but making them easier to configure on those platform

44. 2. Configuration Interface Since there are variety of platform available nowadays (Linux, Unix, etc.), we should consider that those devices not only can be configured easily on proprietary platform but also easy to be installed on other platform.

45. 3. Network Services A good device should works well on computer networks so that the project could provide network services to individual computers or the network as a whole Important to wireless device where most of the time they are able to offer variety types of network services such as sharing a connection among multiple machines, routing special protocols and more. Devices on the wearable computer also should have this feature so that it can communicate with the installed server once it is located on remote area.

46. 3. Network Services One of the most important features to choose these devices is the range that they could capture the signal. The range of the wireless network is very crucial when using a wireless network: an access point and station adapters have a range of 3280 ft in open space and 200 ft-650 ft indoors PCMCIA adapters have an open space range of 2200 ft and an indoor range of 300 ft

47. 3. Network Services The range of the wireless network is very crucial when using a wireless network (cont…): these ranges are affected by: interferences such as microwaves and other radio interferences interference for structures such as walls and doors A suitable device should be selected to power the wireless project

48. 4. Security Devices to be used in a computer networks should be equipped with security features in order to prevent fraud. Wireless or wearable computer devices are normally designed to include security criteria. Security provisions are typically built into wireless LANs, making them more secure than most wired LANs

49. 4. Security Complex encryption techniques make it impossible for all but the most sophisticated to gain unauthorized access to network traffic. Firewall and network authentication can be applied to strengthen the network security. To be more secured, individual nodes must be security-enabled before they are allowed to participate in network traffic.

50. 5. ISP Interaction Internet Service Provider. Plays a major role to connect the local network (for example WLAN) to the Internet. Many have offered numerous type of network connection to their customers: broadband connection ( Streamyx by TMNet) Bluetooth 3G

51. 5. ISP Interaction Wireless and wearable device should works well with these technologies to: ensure Internet connection can be accessed faster  less delay more throughputs can be loaded into the network  smoother data transaction.

52. 6. Cost The device cost might become the main obstacle for any project if the project is not well planed. Most of the time, people tend to choose cheap devices for their project: the practice is good in short term would probably become a disaster in the future upgrading those devices might ends up with swapping it with new equipment

53. 6. Cost Usually people become suspicious to any device if the price is too cheap. Cheap devices aren’t necessarily bad, but have to make sure the cheapest ones have the feature required. The best way to choose a device is to study their features and ensure that their price is equivalent to their performance