1. Left Photo: Word War I Trench Courtesy of Mrs J Smillie Right: WW I Postcard of soldiers taking cover in shell holes Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

2. Europe 1913 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was statesman who might be described as a political and diplomatic genius. His efforts led to the declaration of the German Empire in 1870. Kaiser Willhelm II was militaristic and wanted to strengthen Germany’s armed forces. This along with foreign policy changes upset the balance of power.

3. June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand is Assassinated

4. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a Serbian terrorist organization known as “The Black Hand”. Perhaps the world be a very different place today if Princip had not carried out his assassination of the Archduke. Millions of people have died as a result of the 20 th century events that followed Princip’s assassination of the Archduke. At very minimum, he triggered World War I. Gavrilo Princip

5. The Balkans 1914

6. Note The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers to form the Triple Alliance with the signing of the August 1914 Turco- German Alliance. Turkey formally entered World War I on 28 October 1914 with the bombing of Russian Black Sea ports. The Triple Entente, or Allied Powers, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on November 4. 1914 European Alliances

7. June 28, 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand July 5-6, 1914 Germany supports Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 31, 1914 German forces begin to mobilize August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia & France With Russia mobilizing, Germany has no choice but to demand an immediate halt or to declare war before anyone else can. Russia refuses to stop it mobilization and within hours on August 1, 1914 Germany is at war with Russia. Kaiser Wilhelm II needs no excuse to declare war on France and does so two days later on August 3. This sets up the first stage of the "Schlieffen Plan". The Powers Prepare for War July 23 – August 3, 1914

8. August 1, 1914 Germany Declares war on Russia

9. The German Attack August 4, 1914 August 4, 1914 German forces invade neutral Belgium August 26-30, 1914 Battle of Tannenberg October-November, 1914 First Battle of Ypres December 25, 1914 Unofficial Christmas Truce on the Western Front The French thought that Germany's advance into Belgium was a diversion. Most of the French army moved northeast to attack Germany through the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. The first major battle on the Eastern front occurred when German forces surrounded and destroyed the Russian army at the Battle of Tannenberg. This August 1914 battle was Germany's greatest victory of the war.

10. First Battle of the Marne September 5 -10, 1914 German plans for the Western Front began to fall apart in September of 1914. As the German right flank drove deeper, it was separated from the rest of the invading German force. This made it vulnerable and forced the Germans pulled up twenty-five miles short of Paris. This was France’s chance to attack. What followed was the First Battle of the Marne where the German advance was stopped

11. Mid-August, 1914 The Battle Lines were Drawn

12. Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign was an attempt to gain control of the Dardanelles and capture Constantinople. This would open a Black Sea supply route to Russia. The idea originated with Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty. After the failure (March 1915) of a British naval force to open the straits, British, Australian, and New Zealand troops landed (Apr. 25) at various points on the east coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula, while a French force landed on the Asian side of the straits. The Turks were ready and prevented the Allies from making any important gains. Churchill’s plan failed due to Allied bureaucratic incompetence. Allied cooperation was poor and there was lack of coordination between land and naval forces. The result was a premature naval attack without sufficient support from the army. The two-month delay between the navy's arrival at Gallipoli (Feb., 1915) and the arrival of land forces (Apr., 1915) gave the Turkish army plenty of time to reinforce its troops. The landing (Aug., 1915) at Suvla on the west coast of the peninsula was followed by months of costly fighting. Eventually, the Allies withdrew from the area on Jan. 9, 1916. The evacuation, unlike the attack, has been described by some as brilliantly executed.

13. Trench Warfare By the beginning of 1916 opposing armies remained deadlocked in a line of trenches which stretched 966 kilometres from the Belgian coast through France to the frontiers of Switzerland. After two years of war, the battle lines of the Western front had barely changed from the first days of stalemate (static warfare). This was trench warfare. The Eastern front was more fluid (moving) and was more similar to the battles of the 19th century.

14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtml

15. For more info on Trench Warfare, go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/3d/trench.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_vr_trench.shtml

21. Aerial view of trenches

22. Trench Life

23. Trench Foot

29. …Lice and wind-up came into my life about the same time. At stand- to one morning a flight of whizz-bangs skimmed the top of the trench. The man next to me went down with a scream and half his face gone. The sand-bag in front of me was ripped open and I was blinded and half-choked with its contents. …At the end of the short trench I stumbled over something. A bank of cloud cleared for a moment from the moon, and I saw it was a headless body. …I went back to my post, frightened beyond anything that should be humanly possible. Twice I was blown off my feet by the concussion of bursting shells. The whine of falling shrapnel filled the air. I seemed to be all alone in a world tottering into ruin. If only the noise would stop I felt I might keep my reason. I think I prayed for a direct hit to end it all. By a miracle, however, I was not even touched. …One got used to many things, but I never overcame my horror of the rats. They abounded in some parts, great loathsome beasts gorged with flesh. I shall never forget a dug-out at the back of the line near Anzin. …I had one from a woman friend who had always seemed intelligent and understanding. Yet she asked this singular question: Is it as bad as they say it is out there, or is it only the shortage of cigarettes that makes it seem so rotten?“ The irony of it coming at that time made me giggle like a schoolgirl. The others wanted to know the joke so I read it aloud. The comments were unprintable.

30. Daddy, what did you do in the war? A TOTAL WAR Effort Smear Campaign against the Enemy!

31. An appeal to women! Wartime materials meant more than just weapons Russians Unite! An effort beyond social class

32. What does this poster reveal about Canada’s war effort? Lets Go Canada! What is the irony in this poster?

33. What does this poster reveal about Canada’s war effort? Who is this poster designed to appeal to? This poster reveals to us that our war effort was more than just fighting in battles. List 4 different ways Canadians contributed to WW I and II

34. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/ani mations/western_front/index_embed.shtml

35. May 7, 1915

36. 1915 (poison gas) Poison gas is first used. The age of biological warfare begins

37. 1916 (tank) The British invent the first tank, although it was underpowered

38. February 1916 The Germans attack Verdun. Over 300,000 die

39. January 31, 1917 The Germans begin sinking all ships going to/from Britain

40. February 1917

41. April 2, 1917 U.S. enters WWI

42. November 1917 Russia pulls out of WWI and has a revolution

43. March 1918 Russia Signs the treaty of Brest Litovisk with Germany. Russia loses a vast amount of territory

44. August 1918 300 allied tanks broke through German lines.

45. November 9, 1918 The German Kaiser (emperor) abdicates (gives up his throne)

46. November 11, 1918

47. Where does Canada fit in all this?

48. Battle of Ypres April 22-24, 1915 1 st Canadian division arrives on the Western Front Chlorine gas first used 6000 Canadian casualties (2000 fatalities) in 48 hours John McCrae wrote Flanders Field (May 3 rd )

49. Battle of the Somme July 1st – November 18 th, 1916 Tanks first used 24,029 Canadian casualties 733 of 801 of the 1 st Newfoundland Regiment were killed or wounded 57,470 Allied casualties (19,240 fatalities) on the opening day 650,000 Allied casualties das Bludbad – the Bloodbath

50. Battle of Vimy Ridge April 9-12, 1917 Vimy Ridge was a key high ground in northern France. The Germans had dug themselves in; protected by artillery, and reinforced with machine-gun platforms. The British and French had both tried to take Vimy Ridge-again, and again, and again. Every attempt had been lost. It was now Canada’s turn…

51. For the first time in the war, all four divisions of the Canadian corps Advanced together, fighting alongside each other against the brunt of the German army. At Vimy, the Canadians captured more guns, more ground, and more Prisoners than in any previous British offensive. It was Canada’s greatest victory and one that has since been hailed as a “nation-making moment” that involved Canadians from every region. “We went up Vimy Ridge as Albertans and Nova Scotians. We came down as Canadians” -War veteran remembering Vimy Ridge

52. 10,602 Canadians wounded 3,598 Canadians died

53. Battle of Passchendaele July – November 1917 15,654 Canadian casualties 4,028 Canadian fatalities 100,000 casualties for Britain, Australia, New Zealand

54. http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/over top/index_e.shtml http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/over top/index_e.shtml