1. World History I Unit VI The Rise of Islam (610 CE to 1258 CE)

2. Rise of Islam The Arabian Region

3. Warm up What factors (social, environmental, and economic) would effect the development of life in this region ?

4. Warm up On a separate sheet, give at least one political, one social, and one geographic reason for the rapid development of Islam in this region.

5. WARM UP/Exit ticket 1.Location of the destination of the Hijra 2.Location of the historic battle of Tours? 3.Islamic capital under the Umayyad Empire (Damascus) 4.Birthplace of the prophet 5.Islamic capital under the Abbasid Empire (Baghdad) A B C D E

6. WARM UP What are the five pillars of Islam. Explain what is required of a Muslim to complete each pillar.

7. Beliefs of Islam: Five Pillars of Islam 1.Faith/Shahada-Belief in Allah – obedience to him 2.Prayer/Salah- Communion with Allah five times a day 3.Charity/Zakat (or Zahah)-Alms giving/ helping out the poor 4.Fasting/Sawm-Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5.Pilgrimage/ Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca or Medina

8. The Five Pillars of Islam 1.Declaration of Faith/Shahada The first Pillar of Islam is for the believer to testify, in Arabic, that "There is no god but God (Allah) and that Muhammad is His messenger." 2.This phrase, known as the shahada, (sha-HEH-da) or Profession of Faith, is central to Islam, for it affirms both God's oneness and the central role of the Prophet. The shahada appears in daily life in many different ways, from being proclaimed in the call to prayer to being inscribed on flags and coins. 3.In contrast to the Judeo-Christian tradition, which exhorts believers not to take the Lord's name in vain, Muslims constantly call on God by name in all sorts of situations. For example, when beginning any activity, one might say bismillah ("in the name of God") or when admiring something, one might say al-hamdu lillah ("praise be to God").

9. The Five Pillars of Islam 2. Worship (Salat) The second Pillar of Islam is to worship God five times a day — at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and nightfall. To do so, the believer washes according to a particular ritual and prostrates himself or herself on the ground in the direction of Mecca, while reciting certain phrases. This rite takes only a few minutes to perform and can be done anywhere. Worshippers are summoned to prayer by a muezzin, who calls the faithful together by saying: God is Great (four times) I testify that there is no god but God (2X) I testify that Muhammad is God's messenger (2X) Come to prayer (twice), Come to salvation (twice) God is Great (twice) There is no god but God. For the dawn prayer, the muezzin adds, after the second "Come to salvation," the phrase "Prayer is better than sleep" twice. Muslims believe that the call to prayer by the human voice distinguishes Islam from Judaism, which uses the shofar, or ram's horn, and Christianity, which uses the bell. The first muezzin was Bilal, a Black Abyssinian slave who was one of the first converts to Islam.

10. Five Pillars Continued... 3. Almsgiving (Zakat) The third Pillar of Islam is to give alms to the poor. Muslims are supposed to donate a fixed amount of their property to charity every year. Many pious individuals, from the mightiest rulers to modest merchants, give money (2% of their income) to help out the less-fortunate by establishing soup kitchens, hospitals, schools, libraries, mosques, and the like. One of the most common forms of charity in medieval Islamic cities was to establish a public drinking fountain, where fresh, sweet water was distributed freely to all passers-by. Such a drinking fountain was commonly known as a sabil, from the common Arabic expression fi sabil allah, literally meaning "in the path of God" and referring to doing something for God charitably or disinterestedly.

11. Five Pillars Continued... 4. Fasting (Sawm) The fourth Pillar of Islam is to abstain from food and drink, as well as smoking and sex, between sunrise and sunset during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. Abstinence during Ramadan brings Muslims to greater awareness of God's presence and helps them acknowledge their gratitude for God's provisions in their lives. It serves to heighten a sense of community among believers as Muslims around the world join together in the performance of this ritual. The Arabic word ramadan comes from a root meaning "to be hot" and suggests that the month originally fell in the summer. But following the Islamic lunar calendar, the month of fasting can come at any time during the year. To distinguish themselves from the Jews, Christians and pagan Arabs, Muslims measure their year by the cycles of the moon rather than the sun, so the Muslim lunar year is eleven days shorter than the Christian solar year. Muslims are forbidden to adjust their year by adding an extra month, as the Jews do to keep their lunar calendar in synch with the seasons. Hence, the months of the Muslim year do not relate to the seasons. The Ramadan fast starts at dawn, defined as the moment when the human eye can distinguish a white thread from a black one, and ends at dusk, when the eye is again no longer able to distinguish the difference. The end of the month of Ramadan is always marked by a feast, known as the Id al-Fitr, or break-fast feast.

12. Five Pillars Continued... 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) The fifth Pillar of Islam is to undertake the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime, if one is able, during the first days of Dhu'l-Hijja, the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar. People who have performed this pilgrimage, called in Arabic hajj, earn the epithet hajji, which is a title of great respect. Before entering Mecca, the pilgrim dons a special garment made of two seamless white cloths. The ceremonies of the pilgrimage are associated with the prophet Abraham and center on the Kaaba, which Muslims believe to be the house that Abraham erected for God. The pilgrimage then moves to Arafat, a plain some 12 miles east of the city, where the ceremonies culminate on the tenth day of the month in the Feast of the Sacrifices. Livestock is sacrificed in commemoration of Abraham's readiness to offer his son Ismail, and the meat is distributed to the poor. This event is also known as the Great Feast, and it usually lasts three or four days. In contrast to the spontaneous cheer with which people celebrate the end of Ramadan, the celebration of the Great Feast is a more solemn holiday. Although a visit to the Prophet's mosque and gravesite in Medina is not an official part of the pilgrimage, most pilgrims include it in their trip.

13. WHI 8a The Rise of Islam The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by a)describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam.

14. WHI 8a Essential Understanding The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith. Muhammad and his followers spread Islam. Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinctive Muslim culture.

15. WHI 8a Essential Knowledge Origins of Islam Muhammad, the Prophet Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

16. WHI 8a Essential Knowledge Spread of Islam Across Asia and Africa and into Spain Geographic extent of first Muslim empire

17. WHI 8a Essential Knowledge Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam Monotheism: Allah (Arabic word for God) Qur’an (Koran): The word of God Five Pillars of Islam Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus

18. Roots of Islam Bedouins in Arabia Desert-dwelling clans Valued courage, loyalty to family, hospitality, and warrior skills Crossroads of Trade and Ideas The Arabian Peninsula was in the center of trade routes between Europe and Asia Ka’aba became an important worship center for many religions. Ka’aba

19. Pre Islamic trade routes

20. Proclaim! Muhammad receives his first revelation While Muhammad was a trader by occupation, the growing materialism of Mecca and its traditional idolatry disturbed Muhammad. He began making long retreats to a mountain cave outside town. There, he fasted and meditated. In 610 CE Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel and instructed to recite words of such beauty and force that he and others gradually attributed them to God (Allah): “ Proclaim! in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not.” —Quran, 96: 1-5

21. “One who submits to God” Muslims= People that practice Islam. Literal translation “One who submits to God (Allah)” First followers were close friends of Muhammad (wife, Khadijah, see by many as first Muslim 613 Muhammad was preaching his ideas in public – Mecca Islam was an extension of Judaism and Christianity

23. Gabriel Abraham Isaac or Ishmael?

24. Abraham’s “other” son As Sarah, the wife of Abraham, could not bear a child, she encouraged her husband have a child with her maid servant, Hagar. Ishmael was the product of that union ; however, 13 years later, Sarah did give birth, through a miracle of God, to Isaac- who becomes the heir to Abraham. Ultimately, Sarah told Abraham to cast out Hagar and Ishmael. Both ultimately made thewir way to Egypt where Ishmael becomes the father to the Arab peoples.

25. The Hijra In 622, Muhammad secretly left Mecca with his closest follower/kinsman, Abu Bakr to foil assassins Muhammad and his followers emigrated to the city of Yathrib, later changed to Madinat un-Nabi, ("the City of the Prophet”) or Medina. The Muslim calendar designates 622 CE as 1 AH anno Hegirae (“in the year of the Hijra”).

26. The first jihad Once in Medina, Muhammad has new revelations. It was revealed that it was acceptable to take up arms against unbelievers. This is refereed to as a jihad: a holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty. Muhammad and his followers attacked caravans of traders and travelers that visited Mecca. These raids led to full scale warfare with the Battle of Badr, 624, the Battle of Uhud, 625, The Battle of the Trench and the Siege of Medina, 627. By 630 CE Muhammad’s forces were able to retake the city of Mecca without bloodshed.

27. WHI 8b Spread of Islam The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by b)assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade.

28. WHI 8b Essential Understanding In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires. Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity.

29. WHI 8b Essential Knowledge Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

30. WHI 8b Essential Knowledge Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived. Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. Slavery was not based on race.

31. Islam Spreads The death of Muhammad in 632 created confusion in the nascent Muslim community, for Muhammad had left no details as to who should succeed him. After a heated discussion by the senior members of the community, Abu Bakr was selected as the first caliph (holy man who is successor to Muhammad) The succeeding four caliphs, established Muslim dominance over the region and expanded Muslim influence. By 750, the Muslim empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River

34. WHI 8c Turning Points The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by c) identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division and the Battle of Tours.

35. WHI 8c Essential Understanding.Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization.

36. WHI 8c Essential Knowledge Historical turning points Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus Islamic capital moved to Baghdad Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

37. The Righteous Caliphs Muslim tradition, in reaction to the growing centralization of the state under the Umayyads (The first dynasty of Arab caliphs (661-750), idealized the first four caliphs, calling them the Righteous Caliphs. They are considered to be the only caliphs who preserved the true tradition of Muhammad. All four Righteous Caliphs were related to Muhammad in some way: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar were married to Muhammad’s daughter, and three of Muhammad's daughters were married to Uthman and Ali.

38. Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division Of the four Righteous Caliphs, only Alī ibn Abī Ṭ ālib (Ali) was blood kin (cousin and son-in-law) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs) Shi'a Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shi'a branches

39. Muslim Empire Splits Umayyads (The first dynasty of Arab caliphs (661-750) succeed the fourth caliph Move the capital to Damascus Surround themselves with riches and power. Religious split Sunni Followed the leadership of the Umayyads Shi’a Believed that the caliph needed to be a relative of the Prophet Sufi Were disappointed with the Umayyads pursuit of wealth and prescribed to a life of poverty and spiritual growth

40. Cultural and Scientific Achievements of the Islamic Empire

41. WHI 8d Achievements of Islamic civilization The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by d)citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.

42. WHI 8d Essential Understanding Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.

43. WHI 8d Essential Knowledge Cultural contributions and achievements Architecture (Dome of the Rock) Mosaics Arabic alphabet Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

44. WHI 8d Essential Knowledge Scientific contributions and achievements Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero) Algebra Medicine Expansion of geographic knowledge

45. Arabic numbers and Alegbra Arab contributions to mathematics are noteworthy. In arithmetic the style of writing digits from right to left is an evidence of its Arab origin. For instance, the numeral for five hundred in English should be written as 005, not as 500 according to English's left-to-right reading style. Muhammad Bin Ahmad in 967 AD introduced the concept of the number zero. Zero was introduced in the West as late as the beginning of the thirteenth century. Modern society takes the invention of the zero for granted, yet the Zero is a non-trivial concept, that allowed major mathematical breakthroughs. Concerning Algebra, al-Khawarzmi is credited with the first treatise. He solved Algebra equations of the first and second degree (known as quadratic equations, and are are prevelant in science and engineering) and also introduced the geometrical method of solving these equations.

46. Literature Many Muslims consider the Quran to be the greatest work of Muslim literature, but there was a strong oral tradition prior to the Quran which continued to have influence. The poet Omar Khayyam. He was a twelfth century Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer. Probably the most famous piece of Muslim literature is the 1001 Nights or Arabian Nights. The tales include the familiar stories of Aladdin and Ali Baba and the forty thieves.

47. Repository for Ancient Knowledge Muslim scholars helped to preserve the knowledge of Greece and Rome by translating works and making them available to other scholars. It is because of this that European scholars were able to rediscover the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers during The Renaissance.. In the twelfth century these works were translated into Latin. The discovery of paper-making technology from China made this much easier. The knowledge of the Muslim world was preserved in Baghdad during the Abbassid-era in a library and translation institute known as the House of Wisdom.

48. Astrolabe Muslims also studied astronomy which led to the development of the Astrolabe. This instrument was used for naval navigation by observing the positions of the stars and other heavenly bodies. This invention made it possible for European sailors to sail to the Americas.

49. Medicine The Muslims philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia which explained contagious diseases. This became the foundation for later European medical advancements.

50. Islamic Art and Architecture The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches

51. The "Arab plan Religious and civic architecture were developed under the Umayyads, This was known as the "Arab plan", with court and hypostyle prayer hall, truly became a functional type with the construction of the Umayyad Mosque, or the Great Mosque of Damascus In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a roof which is supported by columns

52. The Great Mosque of Damascus

53. Dome of the Rock

54. Expansion from Mecca (Arabian peninsula), East : Persia and Indus River Valley West: North Africa, Spain and France Math: Arabic numerals, zero, Algebra Medicine: Ibn Sina Astronomy :development of the Astrolabe Language: Arabic Learning: House of Wisdom New cities and Empires (i.e Bagdad) Moral/Governmental: shariah law Literature: Koran, Omar Khayyam, 1001 Arabian Nights Islamic art and architecture Islam: Five Pillars, Koran

55. The Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers) was fought on October 10, 732 between forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel and a massive invading Islamic army led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd al Rahman, near the city of Tours, France. During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. This battle stopped the northward advance of Islam from the Iberian peninsula, and is considered by most historians to be of macro historical importance, in that it halted the Islamic conquests, especially in Europe, and preserved Christianity as the controlling faith in Europe The Battle of Tours

57. The Umayyad Dynasty By 750 the Muslim advance came to an end. The southern and eastern Mediterranean and parts of the old Roman Empire were now Muslim territory. The Umayyad Dynasty was centered in Damascus, in modern-day Syria and was wealthy. This was also a very diverse empire as many different peoples had been conquered in new territory. The diversity helped lead to the split within the Islamic faith

58. The Abbasid Dynasty Amidst growing resentment toward the Umayyad Dynasty Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle, overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750 and established the Righteous Caliphs. The Abbasids moved the capital of their empire to Baghdad. This move increased Persian influence and changed Abbasid culture. Under this dynasty the new heroes were judges, merchants, and government officials. This dynasty did not favor Arab rule and the empire became more culturally diverse.

59. 2. Umayyad Dynasty 1. Righteous Caliphs 3. Abbasid Dynasty

60. Islamic Golden Age The Abbasid historical period from 750 to 1258 (Mongol conquest of Baghdad) is considered the Islamic Golden Age. It is during this time that many of the scientific, medical, and mathematical advancements associated with the Islamic world takes place

61. Fall of Baghdad/ End of Abbasid Rule The Fall of Baghdad occurred in February 1258. It entailed the investment, capture, and sacking of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Mongol forces and allied troops.

62. 1.Capital of the Umayyad Empire 2.The Battle of Tours 3.Birthplace of the prophet 4.Capital of the Abbasid Empire 5.Destination of the Hijra A B C D E

63. 1.Capital of the Umayyad Empire 2.The Battle of Tours 3.Birthplace of the prophet 4.Capital of the Abbasid Empire 5.Destination of the Hijra A. Damascus B. Medina C. Mecca D. Baghdad E. Tours

64. Event 1.Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division 2.Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus 3.Islamic capital moved to Baghdad 4.Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours 5.Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Rise and Spread of Islam Timeline 630CE 650CE 670CE 690CE 710CE 730CE 750CE 770CE 790CE 810CE // 1250 CE 661 1258 637 732 762 Significance A.End of Abbasid rule/End of Golden age of Islamic rule B.Farthest extent of Islam rule in Europe C.Abbasid move capital from Damascus to Bagdad D.End of righteous caliph/Beginning of Umayyad rule E.First expansion of Islam past Mecca Event Significance

65. Event 1.Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division 2.Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus 3.Islamic capital moved to Baghdad 4.Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours 5.Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Rise and Spread of Islam Timeline 630CE 650CE 670CE 690CE 710CE 730CE 750CE 770CE 790CE 810CE 300BCE 661 1258 1 5 637 732 762 2 3 4 Significance A.End of Abbasid rule B.Farthest extent of Islam rule in Europe C.Abbasid move capital from Damascus to Bagdad D.Beginning of Umayyad rule E.First expansion of Islam past Mecca Event Significance

66. Event 1.Death of Ali: Sunni-Shi’a division 2.Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus 3.Islamic capital moved to Baghdad 4.Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours 5.Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Rise and Spread of Islam Timeline 630CE 650CE 670CE 690CE 710CE 730CE 750CE 770CE 790CE 810CE 300BCE 661 1258 1 5 637 732 762 2 3 4 Significance A.End of Abbasid rule/End of Golden age of Islamic rule B.Farthest extent of Islam rule in Europe C.Abbasid move capital from Damascus to Bagdad D.End of righteous caliph/Beginning of Umayyad rule E.First expansion of Islam past Mecca E DBCA Event Significance

67. WARM UP Copy down the SOL schedule for Mr. Valko’s World History I Week of May 5-May 8 – Science and Social Studies SOL’s 7:13 First Bell Monday, May 5 Tuesday, May 6 Wednesday, May 7 Thursday, May 8 7:20-8:00 Regular Class 1176 8:05-10:10 SOL/Regular Class 3 Testing Science/Social Studies 2 Testing Science/Social Studies 5 Testing Science/Social Studies 4 Testing Science/Social Studies 10:15-11:50 Lunch/Regular Class 5432 11:55-2:00 SOL/Regular Class 7 Testing Science/Social Studies 6 Testing Science/Social Studies 1 Testing Science/Social Studies 1 Make-Ups Opt Ins