1. U.S. History STAAR EOC Review

2. FOUNDING AMERICA

3. Important People Founding Fathers – John Hancock  Largest Signature on the DOI – John Jay  Federalist Papers Alexis de Tocqueville – 5 Principles or Values of American Democracy – Egalitarianism, Populism, Liberty, Individualism, & Laissez-Faire

4. Important Documents Declaration of Independence (1776) – Written by Thomas Jefferson – Outlined the colonial grievances against the British King – Declared the colonies separation – Unalienable Rights  Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness U.S. Constitution (1787) – Supreme Law of the Land – Living Document– Can be amended or changed – Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, & Popular Sovereignty – “E Pluribus Unum”  Nation’s first motto (Out of many, comes one)

5. Bill of Rights 1 st 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Added to protect individual rights or liberties – 1 st : “RAPPS”  Religion, Assemble, Press, Petition, Speech – 2 nd : Right to Bear Arms – 4 th : Unreasonable Search & Seizure – 5 th : Property Rights, Self Incrimination, Due Process, & Double Jeopardy – 6 th : Speedy and Public Trial

6. RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1877) “Rebuilding the South”

7. 13 th Amendment "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." ABOLISHED SLAVERY FREE

8. 14th Amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Granted Citizenship to former slaves CITIZENS

9. 15 th Amendment “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Granted voting rights to African American males VOTE

10. African American Rights Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate but Equal” is Constitutional Segregation is legalized – Is eventually overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education Jim Crow Laws Laws passed in the South to ensure that African American males could not practice their right to vote – Grandfather Clause – Poll Tax – Literacy Test

11. SETTLING THE WEST and POPULISM

12. Transcontinental Railroad Began in 1863 Completed in 1869 Joined East and West – Made travel faster, safer and cheaper. – Allowed for western expansion

13. Westward Expansion Gold Rush – California Homestead Act – Government provided individuals with 160 acres of free land  Had to make an improvement

14. Native Americans Forced off their land and onto reservations – Unproductive land Settlers slaughtered buffalo – Food source, Clothing, Shelter Dawes Act: banned all Native American tribal activities – Assimilate Native Americans into American culture

15. POPULIST MOVEMENT Supported mainly by southern and western farmers Populist Party Platform: William Jennings Bryan – Coinage of Silver (Bi-Metallism) – Income Tax – Direct Election of Senators 3 rd Parties represent a voice of the political minority, bring light to new ideas 3 rd Parties often split the vote larger parties

16. GILDED AGE 1878-1900

17. Industrialization Laissez-Faire  Hands Off Government Robber Barons  Ruthless business owners (Exploited workers) – John D. Rockefeller  Oil Monopolist – Andrew Carnegie  Steel Monopolist, Philanthropist

18. Sherman Anti-Trust Act  – Banned trusts in big business – Poorly regulated Labor Unions – Fought for better pay, hours, and conditions – Knights of Labor  Skilled Workers ONLY – American federation of Labor (AFL) Industrialization

19. Immigration After 1880  Southeast European Immigrants – Spoke no English, Unskilled, Uneducated Push Factors and Pull Factors – Sought a better life, opportunities, jobs Tenements  Run down, filthy, overcrowded apartments Ethnic Enclaves  neighborhoods with all the same race or ethnicity (Example: Chinatown)

21. Nativism  American hostility or resentment towards immigrants – Americanization or Assimilation Eugenics  belief in a superior race – Used to justify banning immigration Chinese Exclusion Act  banned all Chinese immigration for 60+ years Immigration

23. Political Machines Organized group that controls city politics illegally Rigged elections and bribed voters Tammany Hall – William “Boss” Tweed – Helped immigrants assimilate in exchange for votes

24. Inventions & Urbanization Urbanization  Growth of cities – Rural (farm) populations decreased as many Americans moved to urban (city) areas for industrial jobs Inventions  Led to industrialization – Bessemer Process: Process to make cheap steel – Light Bulb: Edison, work at night – Telephone: Graham Bell, increase communication

25. Expansionism & The Spanish American War

26. Expansionism U.S. becomes expansionistic in search of new markets and raw materials – Increased trade and $ are the driving force Hawaii  Annexed, Stanford B. Dole Alaska  Purchased, Oil Alfred T. Mahan encouraged expansionism and the growth of the U.S. Navy Open Door Policy  open trade with China

28. Spanish-American War 1898  “Splendid Little War” De Lome Letter – Spanish diplomat wrote a letter criticizing President McKinley (weak & ineffective) U.S.S. Maine exploded in Cuba – “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain” Yellow Journalism Exaggerated reporting in an effort to make a story more exciting Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (PGP)

30. Teddy Roosevelt Conservation  Save the environment Rough Rider  volunteer military unit in Spanish- American War Panama Canal  trade and military travel shorter, faster, and cheaper – Assisted Panama in gaining independence from Columbia – Death due to Mosquitoes – Massive engineering accomplishment Big Stick Policy  U.S. serves as police force in Latin America

32. Progressivism 1901-1914

33. Reform  Fix the Bad Settlement House Movement (Hull Houses) – Jane Addams  Women, Children, Immigrants – Provided housing, taught skills, assimilation Social Gospel Movement – Church provided aid to the American people Pendleton Civil Service Act – Ended the spoils system Initiative, Referendum, and Recall – People create a bill, vote on bill, remove officials

34. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire – Led to the passage of safety laws and regulations to ensure employee safety Child Labor Banned Reform  Fix the Bad

35. Booker T. Washington – Equality through education W.E.B. Du Bois – Founded the NAACP Ida B. Wells – Led an anti-lynching movement African Americans in the Progressive Era

36. Muckrakers Journalists who exposed the corruption of the Gilded Age  led to change – Upton Sinclair Wrote the “Jungle” exposing the unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry – Ida Tarbell Wrote about the corruption of J.D. Rockefeller’s oil monopoly – Jacob Riis Exposed poor living conditions in tenements through photography

38. Progressive Amendments 16 th : Income Tax 17 th : Direct Election of Senators 18 th : Banning of Alcohol, Prohibition – Result of the Temperance Movement, Christian Women 19 th : Women’s Suffrage, Right to Vote – Movement led by Susan B. Anthony

39. Square Deal  Equal opportunities for all Trust-Buster  Broke up trusts and monopolies Health Reform  Meat Inspection Act & the Pure Food and Drug Act Conservation  Protect the environment President Teddy Roosevelt

40. WWI 1914-1918

41. Causes of WWI Underlying Causes: Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism US remains NEUTRAL Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Spark or Event:

42. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – Sank the Lusitania, supplying Allies with weapons Sussex Pledge – Warn ships before sinking Zimmerman Telegram – Germany sends telegram to Mexico asking Mexico to invade the U.S. US Entrance into WWI

43. WWI Selective Service Act  – Conscription or Military Draft Trench Warfare  – Increased the death toll and length of WWI New Military Technology  – Tanks, Planes, Machine Guns, & Poison Gas

44. Great Migration – African Americans move North for jobs Women – Take men’s jobs in factories Espionage and Sedition Acts – Limit 1 st Amendment Rights, Speech Eugenics – Limit or ban immigration WWI Homefront

45. Battle of Argonne Forest – Ended the military stalemate in WWI John J. Pershing – Leader of American Expeditionary Forces – Known for training inexperienced troops Alvin York – Awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor WWI

46. Treaty of Versailles – Ends WWI – Treaty of Revenge against Germany Wilson’s Fourteen Points – President Wilson’s Plan  End all War League of Nations  Collective Security U.S. does NOT join WWI Peace

47. Roaring Twenties 1920-1929 “The Party”

48. Roaring Twenties Growth and prosperity following a slight recession from the end of WWI – Buying on Credit Teapot Dome Scandal – President Harding sold off U.S. oil reserves and pocketed the $ – Led to mistrust in the government

49. Red Scare – Fear of Communism – Eugenics  limit or ban immigration – Sacco and Vanzetti Scopes Monkey Trail – Science (Evolution) vs. Religion (Creationism) – Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan – Which can be taught in schools? Roaring Twenties

50. Harlem Renaissance – Celebration of African American culture Marcus Garvey – Led the Back to Africa Movement Roaring Twenties

51. Tin Pan Alley – Music publishing district in New York City Automobiles – Henry Ford and the Model-T – Mass produced the first affordable car using the Assembly Line Roaring Twenties

52. Charles Lindbergh – Flew the 1 st Solo Trans-Atlantic Flight Glen Curtiss – Invented airplanes that land on water Flappers – Young women who rejected the traditional roles of women Roaring Twenties

53. The Great Depression 1930-1939

54. Great Depression Stock Market Crash of 1929 – October 29, 1929  Black Tuesday American economy collapsed and millions of Americans became unemployed Causes: – Buying on Credit – Buying on Margin – Poor Regulation & Speculation of the Stock Market

55. President Hoover provided little to no direct relief to the American people Hoover is replaced with President Franklin D. Roosevelt (F.D.R.) – New Deal Social Security Administration (SSA)– Elderly, old age pension Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)– Regulation of the Stock Market Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)– Regulates the banks Great Depression

56. Franklin D. Roosevelt Provided Direct Relief to the American People Historic 4 Terms in Office Fireside Chats – FDR delivered a series of radio speeches in an effort to keep Americans well-informed Court Packing – Wanted to increase the number of Supreme Court Justices in order to get more programs approved – Rejected, Violation of Separation of Powers

57. Dust Bowl Dry, flat, overproduced land led to dust storms – Farmers migrated to California – Route 66  Called Oakies (Oklahoma)

58. WWII 1939-1945

59. WWII Depression in Europe leads to rise of Dictators in Europe – Germany: Hitler (Axis Powers) – Italy: Mussolini (Axis Powers) – Spain: Franco (Axis Powers) – Japan: Tojo (Axis Powers) – Soviet Union: Stalin (Allied Powers) 1939 Germany invades Poland  WWII Starts

60. US Entrance into WWII US remains isolationists and neutral until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941

61. WWII Homefront War Production Board – War time production ONLY – Unemployment drops to less than 1 % – Great Depression official ends Rosie the Riveter – Embodies the role women played during WWII – Taking men’s jobs Office of War Information – Provided information about the war to the American people Rationing – Cut back, save, limit– Send to troops GI Bill of Rights – Money for veterans towards education

62. WWII Homefront Executive Order 9066 – Sent Japanese Americans to internment/relocation camps – Took away all constitutional rights – Feared that they were spies – Sent Italian and German immigrants also – 50+ years later  Unconstitutional, provided $

63. WWII Europe Operation Torch – George Patton (TANKS) Battle of Stalingrad – Soviet Union  Scorched Earth Policy Operation Overlord  Invasion of Normandy, France – Dwight D. Eisenhower – D-Day  June 6, 1944 – Created a two front war

64. The Holocaust

65. WWII Pacific Island Hopping – D. MacArthur and C. Nimitz Bataan Death March – Philippines  large American loss – POW’s tortured and killed Battle of Midway – Turning point, Allied Victory, Broke Japanese Code Atomic Bomb – Manhatten Project (Einstein) – Truman dropped the bomb to save American lives

66. WWII Heroes Tuskegee Airmen – All African American Air Force Unit – Success led to desegregation in the military Flying Tigers – American pilots trained by the Chinese Navajo Code Talkers – Native Americans  American military code – Never broken Vernon Baker – 1 st African American awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor

67. United Nations June 25, 1945 United Nations is formed in 1945 with 51 Nations to promote peace throughout the World. Housed in New York City Maintains World Court to settle some international disputes

68. The Cold War

69. A war of nerves between the Soviets and the U.S.  – NO DIRECT FIGHTING with the Soviets – Brinkmanship– On the edge of war Arms Race and Space Race Capitalism vs. Communism – Communism hurts American trade – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

70. The Cold War Domino Theory – If one country falls to Communism, they all fall Truman Doctrine – Goal is to stop the spread of Communism – Containment– will engage in war to stop the spread Marshall Plan – Provide $ to war torn Europe in order to prevent the spread of Communism

71. The Cold War Red Scare – Fear of Communism HUAC – House Un-American Committee – Investigated Communism in Hollywood McCarthyism – Witch-hunt for suspected Communists in America

72. The Cold War Berlin Wall – Split Berlin into East and West – East= Communism – West= Free Market Berlin Airlift – Stalin blockaded W. Berlin – America provided supplies to the people of W. Berlin via air drops

73. The 1950’s Foreign & Domestic

74. 1950’s Foreign Korean War – Divided Korea into North (Communism) and South (Free Market) – U.S. intervenes to prevent the spread of Communism – War starts and stops in the same place, but it is considered an American VICTORY  Contained Communism

75. 1950’s Domestic “The American Dream” – Economic prosperity, suburban life, white collar workers Baby Boom Generation Television and Rock n’ Roll – I Love Lucy and Leave it to Beaver – Cultural Divide  Non-Conformity (Elvis)

76. 1950’s Domestic Medicine – Jonas Salk  Polio Vaccine Beatniks – Counter culture movement “In God We Trust” Nation’s motto changes to separate the U.S. from “Godless Communist countries” Betty Friedan – Wrote the “Feminine Mystique”– women’s rights

77. John F. Kennedy & Lyndon B. Johnson

78. John F. Kennedy (JFK) The New Frontier – 1 st Televised Debate – Space Race (NASA) Sputnik (1957) – Bay of Pigs Cuba – Cuban Missile Crisis Standoff with the Soviets in Cuba Threat of nuclear war

79. Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) The Great Society – War on Poverty – Medicare and Medicaid – Housing & Urban Development (HUD) – Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Housing Rights Act of 1968 – 24 th Amendment  Abolished Poll Taxes

80. Civil Rights Movement

81. Plessy v. Ferguson– “Separate but equal” Brown v. Board of Education – Outlaws segregation in public schools – Thurgood Marshall (Lawyer) – Little Rock Nine– Central HS in Arkansas

82. Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Jr. – Non Violent Resistance (Sit- Ins, Protests, Marches) – “I Have a Dream” Speech – Letter from Birmingham Jail – SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Malcolm X – Opposite from MLK– use violence if necessary to protect yourself – Black Panthers SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

83. Civil Rights Movement Billy Graham – Christian Preacher – Prominent Civil Rights Supporter Rosa Parks – Refused to give up her seat on a bus – Started the Montgomery Bus Boycott Freedom Riders – Rode busses throughout the South to register African Americans to vote

84. Civil Rights Movement Anti-Civil Rights – Lester Maddox– Governor of Georgia – Orval Faubus– Governor of Arkansa – George Wallace– Governor of Alabama “Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever”

85. Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Increased African American voting rights in the South Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Banned segregation in all public places Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Banned the Jim Crow Laws 22 nd Amendment Limits the President to 2 terms in office Miranda v. Arizona – Miranda Rights during an arrest

86. Vietnam War

87. Vietnam Divided North= Communism South= Free Market U.S. becomes involved in order to contain Communism Ho Chi Mini= North (Vietminh & Vietcong) Ngo Dinh Diem= South Gulf of Tonkin

88. Vietnam War Fighting in the Jungle – Search and Destroy – Agent Orange – Napalm Tet Offensive (Ho Chi Minh Trail) – Attack by the Vietcong during S. Vietnam funerals Credibility Gap – Media and Images did not match what Americans were being told about the war Anti-War Demonstrations – Large numbers of Americans protested Vietnam – America looked like bullies

89. Vietnam War Vietnamization – American troops removed from S. Vietnam – Communism Spreads– Massive loss for Americans War Powers Act – President must request Congress to declare war 26 th Amendment – 2+6= 8teen – Voting age changes from 21 to 18– if you can be drafted, you should be able to vote Roy Benavidez – 1 st Hispanic to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor

90. 1970’s

91. 1970’s Domestic Chicano Movement – Hispanic American Civil Rights Movement – Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta (UFWA) – Hector P. Garcia (Hispanic Veterans) Environment & Conservation – Environmental Protection Agency – Endangered Species Act Title IX – Requires gender equality in all educational programs Affirmative Action – Policy of taking race, color, religion, gender, and national origin into account when making decisions to hire or accept people

92. 1970’s Domestic Watergate Scandal – President Nixon – Assisted in the covering up of a break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters – Recorded over White House Phone Conversations – Resigns prior to impeachment hearing

93. 1970’s Foreign Nixon’s Détente – Heal relationships with Communist Countries – CHINA– Trade purposes Supporting Israel – U.S. supports the creation of Israel following WWII for the Jews Camp David Accords – President carter negotiates peace between Israel and the Arab Nations (Doesn’t last long) Iran Hostage Crisis – Shah of Iran was admitted to U.S. for medical care – Iran took American hostages– we refused to negotiate

94. 1970’s Foreign OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – Control oil prices– hurt American consumers GATT – General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs – Eliminated trade barriers between varying nations – Led to the World Trade Organization

95. 1980’s

96. 1980’s Domestic President Reagan – Conservative Movement – Reagonomics Cut government spending on social programs Increased military spending – Peace through Strength Build up the military which will lead to peace Phyllis Schlafly – Conservative active is known for her opposition to feministic ideas – Women belong in the home

97. 1980’s Domestic Moral Majority – Political organization which had an agenda of evangelical Christian- oriented lobbying National Rifle Association (NRA) – Works to protect the 2 nd Amendment Rights of Americans  Right to Bear Arms

98. 1980’s Foreign Iran-Contra Affair – Political scandal – American officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms or weapons to Iran

99. 1990’s to Present

100. 1990’s to Present Domestic Contract with America – Republican plan for political reform Rust Belt to Sun Belt Migration – Mass migration from the North to the South and West due to unemployment– Factory closings

101. 1990’s to Present Domestic Clinton’s Impeachment – Lied under oath– Perjury and Obstruction of Justice – Regarding an affair with a White House Intern – Impeached, but not fired Election of 2000 – Gore vs. Bush – Manual Recount in Florida – Bush won

102. 1990’s to Present Domestic September 11, 2001 Attacks – US attacked by Al Qaeda Terrorists led by Osama bin Laden – Over 3,000 Americans killed War on Terror – U.S. declares war on terrorism and any nation harboring terrorists USA Patriot Act – Permitted extensive telephone and email surveillance of suspected terrorists

103. 1990’s to Present Domestic Hurricane Katrina (2005) – 50 levy failures, flooding in 85% of New Orleans – Anger in regards to federal government action and response American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – 2009– “The Stimulus” – Worked to create jobs, promote investment, and increase consumer spending during the recession

104. 2008 Presidential Election – Barack Obama – 1 st African American President 1990’s to Present Domestic

105. 1990’s to Present Foreign End of the Cold War – Gorbachev becomes the leader of the Soviet Union – Marks the end of the Cold War Persian Gulf War – Saddam Hussein (Iraq) invaded Kuwait for oil – U.S. intervenes to protect our oil source– US wins

106. 1990’s to Present Foreign NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement – Open trade between the U.S., Mexico, & Canada Balkans Crisis – Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans – U.S. intervenes through NATO, humanitarian crimes