1. Chapter 18 The Cold War Lesson 1 The Cold War Begins

2. Cold War Acronyms NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance formed in 1949 to prevent Soviet expansion in Europe Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States Later members: Turkey, Greece, West Germany

3. Cold War Acronyms SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Military alliance formed to prevent Soviet expansion in the East Members: Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, United States

4. Cold War Acronyms CENTO Central Treaty Organization Military alliance formed to prevent Soviet expansion to the south Members: Great Britain, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, United States

5. Cold War Acronyms COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Alliance formed in 1949 to promote trade and economic development among member nations Members: Albania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam

6. Cold War Acronyms ICBM Intercontinental ballistic missile Long-range missile capable of delivering a nuclear weapon anywhere in the world Developed in the mid-1950s Meant that the United States and the Soviet Union could launch a nuclear attack against each other

7. Containment George Kennan, a U.S. diplomat working in Moscow, in 1947 recommended a policy of containment to govern U.S. relations with the Soviet Union. Containment policy called for the United States to keep communism within the boundaries of countries that were communist at that time and not allow it to spread to other countries. Containment becomes official U.S. government policy in 1948. What was the policy of containment?

8. Deterrence An arms race developed during the Cold War; the United States and the Soviet Union built up armed forces and stocks of increasingly destructive bombs and missiles. Both sides believed that if one side attacked with nuclear missiles, the other could still strike back with its own nuclear missiles before the enemy missiles reached their targets. Policy of deterrence held that huge nuclear arsenals could prevent war because both sides feared retaliation What led to the policy of deterrence?

9. Chapter 18 The Cold War Lesson 2 China After World War II

10. The Great Leap Forward Consolidated collective farms into vast communes Intended to lead to classless society by end of twentieth century Resulted in economic disaster o Decline in food production o Starvation of nearly 15 million people In 1960 the government began to return to collective farms and some private plots.

11. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Launched by Mao in 1966 to eliminate social classes Sought to make individuals’ goals secondary to what was best for the country Aimed to reinvigorate the Communist Party and make institutions more egalitarian Used Mao’s Little Red Book as a guide Replaced the educational system with one based on Mao’s ideas Created the Red Guards, who terrorized people while seeking to cleanse society of “impure elements” Brought turmoil and instability to China for ten years

12. Permanent Revolution Atmosphere of revolutionary zeal Constant passion for change Sought to reach the final stage of communism—a classless society What was Mao’s “permanent revolution”?

13. Chapter 18 The Cold War Lesson 3 Cold War Conflicts

14. The Truman Doctrine Civil war begins in Greece in 1946; Communist rebels battle government Britain provides military support to Greek government initially but withdraws in 1947 due to high cost. President Harry Truman announces in 1947 that the United States will provide aid to the Greek government to fight communism. Truman also provides aid to Turkey to combat pressures from communist countries on its borders. Truman adds that henceforth the United States must help free peoples to resist communist aggression. What was the Truman Doctrine, and what was its purpose?

15. Understanding Proxy War A proxy war has competing powers supporting different sides. A proxy war is typically settled only when it suits the interests of the external powers that are involved. Examples of proxy wars: o Spanish Civil War o Greek Civil War o Korean War o Vietnam War

16. Failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion “ One of the major failings of the Bay of Pigs operation was... Americans thought that popular uprisings in the wake of the exile invasion 1 would lead to the overthrow of Castro. ” —Alex Mintz and Karl Derouen, Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making 1. exile invasion: an invasion by people who used to live in the country being invaded Why did the Bay of Pigs invasion fail? The U.S. government did not realize how strong the Cuban army was. The U.S. government did not realize how strong the Cuban army was. U.S. leaders underestimated the strength of the Cuban people’s support for Fidel Castro. U.S. leaders underestimated the strength of the Cuban people’s support for Fidel Castro.

17. The Domino Theory and Vietnam The domino theory refers to countries “falling” like dominoes to communism after a nearby country becomes communist. U.S. leaders believed that if communists succeeded in taking over South Vietnam, other countries in the region would also become communist. President Eisenhower made the theory famous when he applied it to Southeast Asia, but it was originally proposed by President Truman as part of the rationale for the Truman Doctrine.