1. Cells Reviewed for Bio 260 Compiled from Marieb’s Human Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Review The following slides should be a review from your general biology course. Content includes: Cell structure and function Cell division Transport Protein sysnthesis

3. Cells and Tissues Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

4. Anatomy of the Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

5. The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

6. Nucleoli Slide 3.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

7. Chromatin Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

8. Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Other materials in plasma membrane  Protein  Cholesterol  Glycoproteins

9. Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2

10. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

11. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

12. Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

13. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

14. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

15. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

16. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

17. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

18. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half

19. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

20. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework

21. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.6

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

23. Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

24. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 1, 2

25. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 3

26. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5

27. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 6, 7

28. Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Slide 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell  Transport is by two basic methods  Passive transport  No energy is required  Active transport  The cell must provide metabolic energy

29. Solutions and Transport Slide 3.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components  Solvent – dissolving medium  Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution  Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol  Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell

30. Selective Permeability Slide 3.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others  This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

31. Passive Transport Processes Slide 3.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diffusion  Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution  Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient Figure 3.8

32. Passive Transport Processes Slide 3.24a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Types of diffusion  Simple diffusion  Unassisted process  Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

33. Passive Transport Processes Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Types of diffusion  Osmosis – simple diffusion of water  Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane  Facilitated diffusion  Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

34. Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane Slide 3.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.9

35. Passive Transport Processes Slide 3.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Filtration  Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure  A pressure gradient must exist  Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

36. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion  They may be too large  They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane  They may have to move against a concentration gradient  Two common forms of active transport  Solute pumping  Bulk transport

37. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Solute pumping  Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps  ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients

38. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.10

39. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bulk transport  Exocytosis  Moves materials out of the cell  Material is carried in a membranous vesicle  Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane  Vesicle combines with plasma membrane  Material is emptied to the outside

40. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.11

41. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bulk transport  Endocytosis  Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle  Types of endocytosis  Phagocytosis – cell eating  Pinocytosis – cell drinking

42. Active Transport Processes Slide 3.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.12

43. Cell Life Cycle Slide 3.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells have two major periods  Interphase  Cell grows  Cell carries on metabolic processes  Cell division  Cell replicates itself  Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes

44. DNA Replication Slide 3.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells  Occurs toward the end of interphase  DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template Figure 3.13

45. Events of Cell Division Slide 3.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitosis  Division of the nucleus  Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei  Cytokinesis  Division of the cytoplasm  Begins when mitosis is near completion  Results in the formation of two daughter cells

46. Stages of Mitosis Slide 3.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interphase  No cell division occurs  The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth  Prophase  First part of cell division  Centromeres migrate to the poles

47. Stages of Mitosis Slide 3.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Metaphase  Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

48. Stages of Mitosis Slide 3.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Anaphase  Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles  The cell begins to elongate  Telophase  Daughter nuclei begin forming  A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form

49. Stages of Mitosis Slide 3.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.14; 1

50. Stages of Mitosis Slide 3.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.14; 2

51. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Proteins have many functions  Building materials for cells  Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)  RNA is essential for protein synthesis

52. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Proteins have many functions  Building materials for cells  Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)  RNA is essential for protein synthesis

53. Role of RNA Slide 3.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built  Messanger RN  Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

54. Transcription and Translation Slide 3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transcription  Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA  Translation  Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

55. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.15