2. Brown vs. Board of Ed  Linda  Linda Brown was not allowed to attend an all-white school  Case  Case challenged 1896 Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson Ferguson which upheld constitutionality of “separate but equal”

3. Brown vs. Board of Ed. (Continued)  Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that segregation in schools was unconstitutional  101 southern members of Congress signed the “Southern Manifesto” and pledged to fight the decision Thurgood Marshall with James Nabrit Jr. and George E.C. Hayes

4. Emmett Till  1. Emmitt Till 1955 (PBS) - YouTube 1. Emmitt Till 1955 (PBS) - YouTube 1. Emmitt Till 1955 (PBS) - YouTube

5. Rosa Parks  December 1955, Montgomery Alabama, she was arrested for failing to give up seat on bus  Boycott supported by African Americans and organized by Martin Luther King Jr.

6.  Civil Rights - Eyes on the Prize 7 - Rosa Parks - YouTube Civil Rights - Eyes on the Prize 7 - Rosa Parks - YouTube Civil Rights - Eyes on the Prize 7 - Rosa Parks - YouTubeRosa Parks (continued)  Bus  Bus boycott lasted 381 days  Supreme  Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal in 1956  Started  Started Civil Rights movement with an inspirational leader

7. Non-violent Resistance  King drew from teachings of Gandhi  Peaceful means to effect change  Founded the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)  Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his non-violent leadership

8. Crisis in Little Rock  Nine African American students were not admitted to the all- white Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas  Orval Faubus authorized National Guard to prevent students from entering

9.  The Little Rock 9 - Arkansas 1957 - YouTube The Little Rock 9 - Arkansas 1957 - YouTube The Little Rock 9 - Arkansas 1957 - YouTubeCrisis in Little Rock (Continued)  Faubus recalled National Guard but angry mob was threatening students  Eisenhower sent in 1,000 paratroopers and federalized National Guard so the students could enter safely

10.  Woolworth Lunch Counter - YouTube Woolworth Lunch Counter - YouTube Woolworth Lunch Counter - YouTube Students Stage Sit-ins  In 1960, Greensboro, NC Four African- Americans sit at segregated lunch counter  The sit-in becomes a popular way to protest

11. The Freedom Riders  “Freedom Riders” rode buses into Southern segregated bus terminals  Many “Freedom Riders” were met with violence in the South  Freedom Rides took place in 1961 and 1963  Eyes On The Prize Disc 2, Chapter 8 - YouTube Eyes On The Prize Disc 2, Chapter 8 - YouTube Eyes On The Prize Disc 2, Chapter 8 - YouTube

12. Violence in Birmingham  1963 –MLK led a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama  Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor used fire hoses and dogs on demonstrators used fire hoses and dogs on demonstrators  Kennedy sent in 3,000 troops to keep order and proposed new legislation  Full Birmingham Part 1.wmv - YouTube Full Birmingham Part 1.wmv - YouTube Full Birmingham Part 1.wmv - YouTube

13. Trouble in Southern Universities  1962 James Meredith tried to enter University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)  Kennedy sent in fed marshals and Mississippi National Guard for Meredith’s safety  Gov. George Wallace stood in front of door at University of Alabama (Forrest Gump)

14. The March on Washington  1963, 100 th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation  200,000 demonstrators merged at the Lincoln Memorial  MLK delivered “I Have a Dream”speech  I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH - FULL VIDEO - PART 1 OF 2 - YouTube I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH - FULL VIDEO - PART 1 OF 2 - YouTube I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH - FULL VIDEO - PART 1 OF 2 - YouTube

15. Civil Rights Act  Only one-half of one percent of African American children in the 11 former Confederate states were attending desegregated schools  Kennedy was assassinated and Johnson was able to get Civil Rights Act passed and Voting Rights Act passed

16. New Leadership  Civil Rights had slow gains  African Americans adopt a new, more radical approach to fight racial prejudice  Willingness to use violence to protect themselves and to achieve just treatment

17. Black Muslims  Founded in the 1930’s by Elijah Muhammad  Embraced Islam  Preached black nationalism which pushes for separation from whites to create their own nation

18. Malcolm X  Very gifted speaker for the Nation of Islam  “Stop singing and start swinging”  Became more moderate and was assassinated in 1965  Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Debate - YouTube Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Debate - YouTube Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Debate - YouTube

19. Black Power  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) becomes more radical  SNCC embraces black power  Violent acts will be justified and preached racial distinctiveness  Split the Civil Rights Movement

20. Black Panthers  Militant black power group  Used confrontations to force equal rights  Large riots in the North and South  Investigated by Kerner Commission and ghettos create riot situations

21. Assassination of MLK  MLK assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968  James Earl Ray admitted to the assassination

22. CESAR CHAVEZ  1962 – starts United Farm Workers Association  Sept.1965 – Filipino grape pickers go on strike; Chavez soon joins strike  April 1966 – march to state capitol to protest; 10,000 strong

23.  Feb ’66 – began 25 day fast to support nonviolent organization of unions  March ’68 – encouraged worldwide boycott of California grapes  Throughout 70s and 80s, organized boycotts, marches, fasts to bring better treatment to workers

24. AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)  Dennis Banks – cofounder  Fought for self- determination of American Indians; government must be reformed  Most known for 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee

25.  “What we did in the 1960s and early 1970s was raise the consciousness of white America that this government has a responsibility to Indian people. That there are treaties; that textbooks in every school in America have a responsibility to tell the truth. An awareness reached across America that if Native American people had to resort to arms at Wounded Knee, there must really be something wrong. And Americans realized that native people are still here, that they have a moral standing, a legal standing. From that, our own people began to sense the pride.”

26. WOMEN’S LIBERATION  1963 – Betty Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique.  1966 – NOW formed  1968 – first women’s conference in Chicago  1970 - Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) introduced in Congress; Gloria Steinam – proponent; Phyllis Schlafly – for traditional roles  1972 – Title IV – evolved through 80s and 90s  1973 – Roe v Wade