1. 1 st Block Skeletal Conditions and Diseases Spring 2015

2. What is Scoliosis? What is Scoliosis? Scoliosis is a lateral curvature in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. When viewed from the side, the spine should show a mild roundness in the upper back and shows a degree of swayback in the lower back.

3. Scoliosis What Causes Scoliosis? Caused by a bone abnormality present at birth. A result of abnormal muscles or nerves. from an injury or illness, major back surgery, or thinning of the bones. The most common type of scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, has no specific identifiable cause. What Is the Treatment for Scoliosis? Braces. Bracing is the usual treatment choice for children who have a spinal curve between 25 degrees to 40 degrees particularly if their bones are still maturing and if they have at least 2 years of growth remaining Surgery. Those who have curves beyond 40 degrees to 50 degrees are often considered for scoliosis surgery

4. Work Cited http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/ arthritis-scoliosis http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/ arthritis-scoliosis

5. Rickets Romina Perez Lexi Shirley Rebecca Sugden Jennifer Garcia

6. Rickets… A rare genetic fault that undermines the way the kidneys process phosphates It causes bone abnormality & deficiency of vitamin D Symptoms: – Bowing of the tibias bilaterally – Growth is affected – Pigeon chest – Thickened/widened wrist

7. Treatments Get sunlight & consume foods that are high in calcium & phosphates such as liver, fish & eggs Take supplements of calcium (1000-1500 mg/day) & vitamin D ( 1000-2000 IU/day) Positioning or bracing may be needed along with surgery Improvements take place within a week If rickets are inherited, it is usually treated by an endocrinologist (expert in hormones)

8. Oh no my leg Amanda has a compound fracture in her left leg, meaning the bone is sticking out of her leg. In the process of breaking her leg, she also tore her meniscus. However the doctors were stupid and didn’t surgically repair her meniscus. 6 months after the injury her bone has healed but her knee is still swelling. This is because of the torn meniscus. http://www.kingbrand.com/Knee-Injury-Torn- Meniscus.php?matchtype=e&keyword=torn%20 meniscus&adpos=1t2&REF=Z.Meniscus.Torn.X.S http://www.kingbrand.com/Knee-Injury-Torn- Meniscus.php?matchtype=e&keyword=torn%20 meniscus&adpos=1t2&REF=Z.Meniscus.Torn.X.S

9. Herniated(Slipped) Disc By: Amira, Natalie, Ronake, and Stephanie

10. Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments This condition occurs when the soft center of a spinal disk pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing. Some herniated discs cause no symptoms. Others can irritate nearby nerves and result in pain, numbness, or weakness in an arm or leg. Not every disc needs intervention, but when needed treatment includes medication, physical therapy, and possibly surgery.

11. Herniated Discs of the cervical vertebrae

12.  Cause is unknown  Some theorize it can be caused by genetically, environmental, and hormonal factors  Some symptoms include but are not limited to: ◦ Morning stiffness/stiffness after long periods of rest ◦ Inflammation ◦ Pain ◦ Fatigue Rheumatoid Arthritis

13.  Mechanisms/Characteristics: ◦ The patient’s immune system attacks the healthy joints  Treatments: ◦ Medications to reduce inflammation and joint pain ◦ Rest and exercise may reduce symptoms ◦ Immune suppressant drugs may also be taken to keep the immune system from attacking healthy joints ◦ In severe cases, surgery may be needed ◦ Although there is no cure, early aggressive treatments may help prevent disability Rheumatoid Arthritis (continued)