5. Developing the automobile  1 Speaking  a In pairs or groups, discuss the following  questions.  1 Who in your family has a car? What would you  use a car for if you had one?  2 What kinds of problem do cars cause in big cities?

6.  If you could choose one of the cars in the  photographs, which would you like to own?  Why?

7. 2 Reading and speaking  a In pairs, answer the questions, guessing if  necessary.  1 Are cars today technically very different from  cars in 1970 or virtually the same?  2 Which state in the United States took the lead  in moving toward non-polluting vehicles—California,  Illinois, or New York?  3 Will non-polluting vehicles ever be as  satisfactory in general performance as  gasoline-powered cars?

8.  b Read the magazine article and check your  answers to exercise 2a.  c Note at least three facts you have learned  from reading this article. Compare your  notes with a partner’s notes.

10. 3 Reading and listening

11. c Listen again and complete the table.

12. 4 Pronunciation: contrastive stress  a Look at these two sentences from the interview.  The two words in sentence 1 which have the  strongest stress or emphasis are underlined. Why  are those two words stressed? Underline the two  words in sentence 2 with the strongest stress.  1 And don’t forget noise pollution caused by  gasoline and diesel engines, as well as air  pollution.  2 Just imagine the quiet cities of the future  compared with the noisy ones today.

13.  b Listen to the sentences, and check the stressed  words in exercise 4a. Practice saying the two  sentences.  c In pairs, discuss your ideas about the following  things.  1 big cars and small ones  2 public transportation and private cars

14. 5 Speaking and writing  If you were responsible for reducing vehicle  pollution in your city, what would you do? With  a partner, discuss the measures you would take.  Make a list of five ideas to attack the problem of  vehicle pollution.  b Compare your ideas as a class. Vote for the top  three ideas.

16.  1 Speaking  a Talk to your classmates. Find people who do these things. Check  (.) each of the statements every time a classmate says “yes.”  Most people spend more than one hour on the telephone every day.  Do you…  spend more than one hour on the telephone every day  listen to the radio a lot  spend more than two hours watching TV every day  spend more than two hours using a computer every day  have a cell phone  have an e-mail address? Communications systems

17.  b In groups of three or four, discuss  what you found out from the  questionnaire. Summarize your  conclusions by writing Everybody,  Most people, Very few people, or  Nobody beside each statement.

20.  1 But in our natural excitement  over this constant development  of electronic media, we should  not forget that most people in  the world don’t have a  telephone, and many don’t even  have electricity or clean water.  Paragraph ____

23.  b Decide which of the three paragraphs in the  article contains the writer’s main point. What is  that point? Compare and discuss your ideas with  two or three classmates.

26. Gerunds: The Gerund as a Noun  It can be subject, object, predicate, and the object of a preposition: Her feelings were hurt / My hobby is running / I’m good at playing tennis.  It can form the plural: He gave his children two warnings.  It can be part of compounds: writing-desk, walking-stick, etc.

27. Gerunds: The Gerund as a Verb Gerunds also have the characteristics of verbs in that they may:  Be used with adverbs or adverbials: He disliked drinking heavily.  Form the passive: The seat-belt saved him from being hurt.  Take an object or predicative complement: Tom likes painting walls. / After reading the letter, she left the room

28. Other uses of the Gerund (1)  The gerund as part of a prepositional adjunct: A great variety of verbs + preposition / adverb combinations such as be for / against, give up, keep on, look forward to, put off take the gerund: I’m looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.  The gerund after prepositions: They were thinking about going on holiday to London at Christmas. / After leaving school she started to work.

29. Other uses of the Gerund (2)  The gerund as the object or adjunct of a verb or verbal phrase: The most important verbs used in this construction are: avoid, deny, escape, fancy, finish, give up, it’s no good, it’s no use,cannot help, keep (on), put off, feel like, can’t stand, imagine, risk, suggest, enjoy, go on, carry on, etc.: He can’t avoid criticising her / Do you fancy coming to the pictures with me? / He has given up smoking / It’s no good convincing him. He won’t change his mind.

30. Other uses of the Gerund (3)  After verbs of the senses both the gerund and the bare infinitive can be used, but there’s a difference in meaning. Let’s compare these pairs of sentences:  She heard the alarm clock go off: It expresses a complete action, the subject has heard the whole ringing of the clock.  He saw the builders building the block of flats. It means that the subject has only seen part of the action, he has only seen them building the flats whenever he walked by that area. It expresses incompleteness.

31. Other uses of the Gerund (4)  After verbs denoting physical activity, such as to go and to come: They go skiing every winter / I went shopping with my mother last week / I wanted him to come riding.  After the verbs waste / spend (money / time): She spends a lot of time doing her homework / I have wasted hours waiting for the bus.

32. Other uses of the Gerund (5)  When the subject of the –ing form is different from the subject of the main clause, two constructions are possible: either the genitive / possessive or the accusative: Do you mind him / his studying with us?  After nouns in the possessive case. In formal English, nouns denoting persons are put into the possessive case: I couldn’t stand my sister-in-law’s criticizing my children.

33. Other uses of the Gerund (6)  The use of the perfect gerund instead of the present when we are referring to a past action: He was accused of having driven under the influence / He was accused of driving under the influence.  There are some verbs which can be followed by the infinitive or gerund without any difference in meaning. The most common ones are: start, begin: I started studying / to study English when I was a little girl. However, when the verb is in the continuous form the to-infinitive is preferred: I’m beginning to concentrate now.

34. Other uses of the Gerund (7)  There are some other verbs which can also be followed by the to-infinitive or gerund with a slight difference in meaning. Let’s compare these two sentences:  I like going to the beach. It expresses a general or habitual action.  I like to go to the beach early in the morning. It expresses specific or isolated actions.

35. Other uses of the Gerund (8)  There are some other verbs which can also be followed by the to-infinitive or gerund, but their meaning change according to whether they are used in one way or another. These verbs are to remember, to forget, to try, to stop, to regret, to mean. Let’s exemplify these uses in the following group of sentences.

36. REMEMBER  Remember to buy the newspaper on your way back home. It reminds somebody to do something he / she may easily forget or it also refers to something that one must do in the future.  I remember visiting my grandmother when I was a little girl. Somebody did something in the past and now he / she remembers what he / she did.

37. FORGET  He has forgotten to take his coat with him. The person does not remember to do something.  I haven’t forgotten meeting my husband. The person remembers something he / she did in the past. This use is generally in the negative form.

38. TRY  He tried to read for a bit. It means the same as to attempt.  When you have hiccups, try holding your breath, if it doesn’t work try drinking some water. The subject makes an experiment or do something to see if it has an effect.

39. STOP  He stopped to buy a bunch of flowers to his mother. It expresses purpose.  He has stopped smoking. He has not continued doing what he / she did.

40. REGRET  I regret to tell you that you haven’t passed your driving test. The introductory subject is sorry that one must do something. At the same time that the introductory subject is regretting what he / she is saying the that- clause subject knows about the information.  He regrets not going to university. Someone is sorry that one has (not) done something in the past, that is, he didn’t go to university and now he regrets it.

41. MEAN  I meant to call you, but in the end I forgot to. It means the same as intend.  Working as an air-hostess means travelling a lot. It means the same as involve.

42. PREFER/RATHER  We can have the following structures:  I prefer to visit Chaplin exhibition rather than (to) go to the EOI (Present tense)  I prefer visiting Chaplin exhibition to going to the EOI (Present tense) prefer tea to coffee (one thing to another thing)  I prefer tea to coffee (one thing to another thing)  I would prefer to go skiing rather than (to) go fishing but  I would rather go skiing than go fishing.

43. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (1) The infinitive with to is used:  After certain verbs which can be followed by to- infinitive or by a noun or pronoun in the accusative plus a to infinitive, that is, the structure can be verb + to- infinitive: I want to go to the pictures, or verb + object + to infinitive: I want him to come with me to the pictures, where HIM act as the subject of the infinitive. The following verbs, among others, admit these constructions: to wish, to like, to love, to hate, to prefer, to tell, to ask, to beg, to advise, to forbid, to invite, to persuade, to order, to expect, to allow.

44. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (2)  After several verbs (hear, feel, see, and make) in the passive voice: She was made to open her suitcase at the airport. Where him acts as the subject of the infinitive. Although in the active voice we use the bare infinitive: We made her open the case.

45. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (3)  To express the infinitive of purpose: I went to the theatre to book the tickets. The corresponding negative is often constructed with in order not to or so as not to: I came in quietly in order not to/so as not to wake up the children.

46. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (4)  After nouns, when the infinitive functions as a modifier of the noun: A book to read.  After adjectives, when the infinitive functions as a modifier of the adjective: This word is easy to spell.

47. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (5)  After certain adverbs such as enough and too: This suitcase is too big for me to carry.  After verbs such as to know, to teach, to learn, to show followed by an interrogative word + infinitive (with the value of a subordinate noun clause): I know where to go.

48. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (6)  In the construction: For + a noun or pronoun in the accusative + infinitive: This coffee is very hot for her to drink.  With the immediate future (going to): I’m going to eat in a Japanese.  With to have to / ought to / used to: He has to wake up now if he doesn’t want to miss the train./ I used to visit my grandparents on Sunday when I was a child.  With the structure to be to to express a command or arrangement: He is to go right now.

49. Full Infinitive or Infinitive with to (7)  In impersonal passive sentences: The Official Language School is believed to have a great number of students.  There are also a number of independent constructions which also use the to-infinitive: To sum up, To start with, etc.

50. Bare/Plain Infinitive or Infinitive Without to (1)  With verbs of perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to notice, to observe, to overhear: I saw Pablo and Javier enter. Nevertheless, in the passive the infinitive is used with to: They were seen to enter.

51. Bare/Plain Infinitive or Infinitive Without to (2)  With some other verbs and expressions that govern a bare infinitive, for instance, to make, to let, had better, had rather, had sooner, need hardly, cannot but, etc.: Javier made Pablo cry / You had better start studying right now if you want to pass your English test.

52. Bare/Plain Infinitive or Infinitive Without to (3)  In noun predicate clauses, when the subject is a pseudo-cleft sentence, both constructions are possible: What you’ve done is (to) spoil our plans.

54. Grammar builder: gerunds

57. 4 Reading and speaking  a Work in pairs. Student A, look at column A;  Student B, look at column B. Read each  sentence to your partner and say if you agree or  disagree with the statement, and why.  A: Using computers doesn’t improve your life.  B: No, I don’t agree. Using computers is really useful.  For example, you can bank on the Internet  24 hours a day.

58. passives—present, past, future, and modal

68. Zero Conditional  Form If + present + present  Functions and Examples We use the zero conditional to talk about facts or situations which are always true. If you heat water, it boils. If people don't eat or drink, eventually they die.

69. First Conditional  Form If + present simple + will  Functions We use the first conditional to talk about actions or events in the future which are likely to happen or have a real possibility of happening.

70.  Examples If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. -- I think there is a real possibility of rain tomorrow. In this condition, I will stay at home If my father doesn't buy me a bike for my birthday, I will be very unhappy. -- I think there is a real possibility that my father won't buy me a bike. In this condition, I will be unhappy

71. Second Conditional  Form If + past simple/continuous + would  Functions We use the second conditional to talk about situations or actions in the present or future, which are not likely to happen or are imaginary, hypothetical or impossible.

72.  Examples If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world and buy a castle in Norway. -- I think that it is very unlikely that I will win the lottery. However, in this unlikely condition, I will travel and buy a castle If I wasn't watching TV now, I would be playing football. -- I am watching TV, and imagining what I would do if I wasn't If I were an alien, I would be able to travel around the universe. -- It is impossible for me to be an alien. However, I am imagining what I would do in this situation

73. Third Conditional  Form If + past perfect + would have + past participle  Functions We use the third conditional to imagine a different past.

74.  Examples If I had done my homework, my teacher wouldn't have shouted at me. (In reality, I didn't do my homework, and my teacher shouted at me. So we are imagining a different past.) She would have passed her exam if she had studied more. (In reality she didn't study enough, and so she didn't pass her exam. So we are imagining a different past.)

75. 3 Grammar builder: zero, first, and second conditionals

80. 4 Speaking and reading

83. Language for life: learning on the Web

90. GERUND Sudoku Puzzle  Fill in the grid with verbs in such a manner that every row, every column and every 3x3 box accommodates the (Gerund) (Love - Begin - Continue - Hate - Like - Prefer - Start - enjoy -finish)without repeating any.

91. 2 ABC 1 3 DEF 5 JKL 4 GHI 6 MNO 8 TUV 7 PQRS 9 WXYZ 0*#

92. 92 What’s out?

93. What I know? What I want to learn? What I learned? How I can learn more? ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------