1. Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources

2.  Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels. Nonrenewable Energy

4.  Commercial energy sources- those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.  Subsistence energy sources- those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste. Energy Use

5.  Transportation – 28%  86% of this is from petroleum  5% of population, and 33% of cars  Electricity –  67% from fossil fuels  39% from coal alone  NG, nuclear, hydro – in that order  Heating  40% used in commercial & domestic  HVAC, electricity, H 2 0 heating

8. Process of Energy Use

9. Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles

10. Electricity Generation

11. 1. The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam. 2. The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan. 3. As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator. 4. This mechanical motion generates energy. Electricity Generation

12.  Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient. Energy Efficiency

13.  Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.  Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first.  This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%. Cogeneration

14.  Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280-360 million years ago.  Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.  These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.  The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India. Coal

16. AdvantagesDisadvantages Energy-denseContains impurities PlentifulRelease impurities into air when burned Easy to exploit by surface miningTrace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal Technological demands are smallCombustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. Economic costs are lowAsh is left behind Easy to handle and transportCarbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change Needs little refining Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

17.  Petroleum - a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.  Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles.  Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago.  Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico. Petroleum

19. AdvantagesDisadvantages Convenient to transport and useReleases carbon dioxide into atmosphere Relatively energy-densePossibility of leaks when extracted and transported Cleaner-burning than coal Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

20.  Natural gas - exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum.  Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane. Natural Gas

21. AdvantagesDisadvantages Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater Advantages and Disadvantages Natural Gas

22.  Oil sands - slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.  Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate. Other Fossil Fuels

24.  Hubbert curve- a graph that shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil. The Hubbert Curve

25.  If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 40 years.  Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use

26.  Fission - a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts. Nuclear Energy

27. Nuclear Reactors

28.  Fuel rods - the cylindrical tubes that house the nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.  Nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to heat water. This water produces the steam to turn the turbine, which turns a generator.  Control rods - cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission reaction. Nuclear Reactors

29. AdvantagesDisadvantages No air pollution is producedPossibility of accidents Countries can limit their need for imported oil Disposal of the radioactive waste Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

30.  Radioactive waste - once the nuclear fuel can not produce enough heat to be used in a power plant but it continues to emit radioactivity.  This waste must be stored in special, highly secure locations because of the danger to living organisms. Radioactive Waste

31.  High-level radioactive waste - the form used in fuel rods.  Low-level radioactive waste - the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine plant maintenance. Radioactive Waste

32.  Nuclear fusion - the reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.  Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy in the future, but so far scientists have had difficulty containing the heat that is produced. Fusion

33.  Chapter 13  Achieving Energy Sustainability

34. Renewable energy can be rapidly regenerated, and some can never be depleted, no matter how much of them we use.

36. Energy conservation- finding ways to use less energy. For example, lowering your thermostat during the winter or driving fewer miles. Energy efficiency- getting the same result from using a smaller amount of energy.

38. Many energy companies have an extra backup source of energy available to meet the peak demand, the greatest quantity of energy used at any one time. Variable price structure- utility customers can pay less to use energy when demand is lowest and more during peak demand.

39. Improving the efficiency of the buildings we live and work in.

41. Using passive solar energy can lower your electricity bill without the need for pumps or other mechanical devices. Building the house with windows along a south-facing wall which allows the Sun’s rays to warm the house would be an example.

44. The Sun is the ultimate source of almost all types of energy

46. Many people are confused how burning biomass such as wood is better then burning coal. The carbon found in biomass was in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, taken in by the tree, and by burning it we put it back into the atmosphere Burning coal is carbon that has been buried for millions of years and was out of circulation until we began to use it. This results in a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

47. Wood, Charcoal and Manure- used to heat homes throughout the world. Ethanol and Biodiesel (biofuels)- used as substitutes for gasoline and diesel fuel.

50. Hydroelectricity - electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. This is the second most common form of renewable energy in the world.

52. Run-of-the-river systems - water is held behind a dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river. Water impoundment - water is stored behind a dam and the gates of the dam are opened and closed controlling the flow of water. Tidal systems - the movement of water is driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon.

53. Active solar energy- capturing the energy of sunlight with the use of a pump or photovoltaic cell and generating electricity.

55. Geothermal energy- using the heat from natural radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth as well as heat coming from Earth.

57. Wind energy - using a wind turbine to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.

59. Fuel cell- a device that operates like a common battery where electricity is generated by a reaction between two chemicals.