1. Chapter 8 Examining the Conceptual/ Theoretical Basis of a Study

2. Theory An abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena Classical theory—An abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena Descriptive theory—A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it

3. Theory (cont’d) Grand theory—A theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences Middle-range theory—A theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (e.g., stress)

4. Conceptual Models Deal with abstractions, assembled in a coherent scheme Represent a less formal attempt to explain phenomena than theories Do not have formal propositions about relationships among phenomena

5. Framework The overall conceptual underpinnings of a study Theoretical framework (based on theory) Conceptual framework (based on a conceptual model)

6. Commonalities—Theories and Conceptual Models both: use concepts as building blocks require conceptual definitions of key concepts can be depicted in schematic models are created by humans are developed inductively

7. Commonalities (cont’d)— Theories and Conceptual Models both: cannot be proved—they are supported to greater or lesser degrees can be used to generate hypotheses can serve as a stimulus to research

8. Conceptual Models of Nursing Formal explanations of what nursing practice is Four concepts central to models of nursing: –Person –Environment –Health –Nursing

9. Some Conceptual Models Used Frequently by Nurse Researchers Conceptual models of nursing: Roy’s Adaptation Model Orem’s Self-Care Model Other models developed by nurses: Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory

10. Examples of Non-Nursing Models Used by Nurse Researchers (Shared theories) Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM) Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

11. Theories in Qualitative Research Substantive theory—conceptualizations of the target phenomena Theory embedded in a research tradition  Grounded theory (symbolic interactionism)  Ethnography (cultural theories: ideational and materialistic)  Phenomenology (phenomenological theory of human experience)

12. The Use of Theories or Models in Quantitative Research Testing a theory Testing two competing theories Testing a theory-based intervention Using a theory/model as an organizing structure Fitting a problem into theory after-the- fact (not recommended)