1. The West Between the Wars Chapter 24

2. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security The Treaty of Versailles created new boundaries, states & occupied territories; however many were unhappy. The Treaty of Versailles created new boundaries, states & occupied territories; however many were unhappy. The League of Nations was weak. The League of Nations was weak. France demanded reparations from Germany; when unable to pay, France occupied the Ruhr Valley. France demanded reparations from Germany; when unable to pay, France occupied the Ruhr Valley.

3. Passive resistance to French occupation = German Inflation Passive resistance to French occupation = German Inflation August 1924, The Dawes Plan: August 1924, The Dawes Plan: 1. Reduced reparations 2. Coordinated Germany’s payments with ability to pay 3. Granted a $200 million loan (Am. Investment) Germany & France sign a treaty, and 23 nations sign a pact renouncing war. Germany & France sign a treaty, and 23 nations sign a pact renouncing war.

4. The Great Depression Causes: Causes: 1. Slump in the economies of many nations 2. International financial crisis 3. U.S. Stock Market Crash Responses: Responses: Unemployed and homeless filled the streets. Unemployed and homeless filled the streets. Govt. interference in the economy Govt. interference in the economy Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines

5. Democratic states after the war Germany –Weimar Republic Problems: Germany –Weimar Republic Problems: Lack of political leaders Lack of political leaders Economic & social problems Economic & social problems France France Financial problems lead to political problems. Financial problems lead to political problems. Formation of Popular Front Government Formation of Popular Front Government

6. Great Britain: Great Britain: Lost a great deal of industry to U.S. & Japan during the war Lost a great deal of industry to U.S. & Japan during the war Shift in political power to Conservatives. Shift in political power to Conservatives. Key leader: John Maynard Keynes. Key leader: John Maynard Keynes.

7. U.S.—FDR & New Deal U.S.—FDR & New Deal Capitalism had to be reformed Capitalism had to be reformed The New Deal increased programs of public works, created the welfare system, Social Security, & unemployment insurance The New Deal increased programs of public works, created the welfare system, Social Security, & unemployment insurance (All written in ways to allow for the exclusion of minorities) (All written in ways to allow for the exclusion of minorities)

8. Key Idea: Key Idea: Economic problems caused people to demand changes in govt. Economic problems caused people to demand changes in govt. Even with changes, WWII is the only thing that solves the unemployment problem. Even with changes, WWII is the only thing that solves the unemployment problem.

9. The Great Depression

10. Fascism Rises in Europe In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of certain color, used special salutes & held mass rallies

11. Fascist Beliefs & Policies Fascism is a political movement that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leader. Fascism is a political movement that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leader. Support for Fascists comes from aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower middle class. Support for Fascists comes from aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower middle class.

12. Fascism is similar to Communism 1. Ruled by dictator & one party system 2. Both denied individual rights 3. State is supreme Difference is that Fascists didn’t want a classless society. Difference is that Fascists didn’t want a classless society.

13. Mussolini Comes to Power in Italy In Italy, Fascism gains followers because of disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, inflation, and unemployment. In Italy, Fascism gains followers because of disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, inflation, and unemployment. Benito Mussolini gains supporters b/c he is seen as a strong leader. Benito Mussolini gains supporters b/c he is seen as a strong leader. People feared communism People feared communism Fascists in black shirts attacked Communists in the streets. Fascists in black shirts attacked Communists in the streets.

14. In October 1922, after Fascists march on Rome, Mussolini takes charge of Italy’s govt. In October 1922, after Fascists march on Rome, Mussolini takes charge of Italy’s govt. Mussolini was known as “IL Duce” (the leader) Mussolini was known as “IL Duce” (the leader) Under Mussolini, Italy b/c the model for Fascists in other countries. Under Mussolini, Italy b/c the model for Fascists in other countries.

15. He outlawed political parties & strikes, jailed his opponents, used govt. censors & secret police. He outlawed political parties & strikes, jailed his opponents, used govt. censors & secret police.

16. Other Countries fall to Dictators In Hungary & Poland, the new democratic governments formed after WWI fall to dictators. In Hungary & Poland, the new democratic governments formed after WWI fall to dictators. By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the only democracy in eastern Europe. By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the only democracy in eastern Europe. Eastern Europeans turn to dictatorship b/c they see authoritarian rule as the only way to prevent instability. Eastern Europeans turn to dictatorship b/c they see authoritarian rule as the only way to prevent instability.

17. Civil war in Spain leads to a Fascist dictatorship. (Francisco Franco— Supported by Italy & Germany). Civil war in Spain leads to a Fascist dictatorship. (Francisco Franco— Supported by Italy & Germany). The Soviet Union supported the Republican government, not Franco The Soviet Union supported the Republican government, not Franco

18. A New Era in the Soviet Union After agricultural disaster in Russia, Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his New Economic Policy (NEP). After agricultural disaster in Russia, Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his New Economic Policy (NEP). System allowed for small businesses System allowed for small businesses Prevented further economic disaster Prevented further economic disaster 1922, Russia officially becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922, Russia officially becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

19. After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle began for control amongst his advisors. After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle began for control amongst his advisors. Joseph Stalin gains control of the Communist Party (he allegedly orders the assassination of Trotsky) Joseph Stalin gains control of the Communist Party (he allegedly orders the assassination of Trotsky)

20. Stalin shifts from the NEP with his Five-Year Plan. Stalin shifts from the NEP with his Five-Year Plan. Transform the USSR into an industrial country. Transform the USSR into an industrial country. Social cost of 5 year plans: not much money spent on housing… creation of slums, propaganda stressed sacrifice for the good of the state Social cost of 5 year plans: not much money spent on housing… creation of slums, propaganda stressed sacrifice for the good of the state

21. Private farms were eliminated under Collectivization, the government owned all of the land. Private farms were eliminated under Collectivization, the government owned all of the land. Political Costs: Old Bolsheviks removed or put to death, others who resisted were sent to labor camps in Sibera. Political Costs: Old Bolsheviks removed or put to death, others who resisted were sent to labor camps in Sibera.

22. Hitler takes control in Germany The German brand of fascism is called Nazism. The German brand of fascism is called Nazism. Adolf Hitler’s skills as an organizer and speaker help him become head of the Nazi party. Adolf Hitler’s skills as an organizer and speaker help him become head of the Nazi party. Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, sets forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and his plans for conquest. Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, sets forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and his plans for conquest.

23. Had a private militia called Stormtroopers or brown shirts. Had a private militia called Stormtroopers or brown shirts. Mein Kampf was written while in jail for failed attempt to over-throw govt. (served 5 years) Mein Kampf was written while in jail for failed attempt to over-throw govt. (served 5 years) Used Swastika as their symbol Used Swastika as their symbol

24. Germany’s economic problems and fear of the Communist party help Hitler take power legally (President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor). Germany’s economic problems and fear of the Communist party help Hitler take power legally (President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor). Hitler then demanded passage of the Enabling Act (a 4 year dictatorship) and used his power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. Hitler then demanded passage of the Enabling Act (a 4 year dictatorship) and used his power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state.

25. He banned all other political parties & had opponents arrested & created the SS (Schutzstaffel) Protection squad He banned all other political parties & had opponents arrested & created the SS (Schutzstaffel) Protection squad The SS wore black uniforms and they were loyal only to Hitler (Gestapo) The SS wore black uniforms and they were loyal only to Hitler (Gestapo) Hitler put Germans to work—dropping unemployment from 6 million to 2.6 million Hitler put Germans to work—dropping unemployment from 6 million to 2.6 million Jews were encouraged to emigrate from Germany. Jews were encouraged to emigrate from Germany.

26. Hitler turned the press, radio, literature, painting and film into propaganda tools. Hitler turned the press, radio, literature, painting and film into propaganda tools. 9 Nov 1938—Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass). 9 Nov 1938—Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass). Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes & streets, destroyed Jewish owned buildings Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes & streets, destroyed Jewish owned buildings

27. Cultural & Intellectual Trends Section 4

28. Radio, Movies, & Free Time In the 1920s, Broadcasting facilities were built in the U.S., Europe, & Japan. In the 1920s, Broadcasting facilities were built in the U.S., Europe, & Japan. Mass production of radios & the first full-length feature pictures Mass production of radios & the first full-length feature pictures Movies & radios could be used for political purposes Movies & radios could be used for political purposes Nazis had radio manufacturers offer installment payment plans. (Joseph Goebbles- German Propaganda Minister) Nazis had radio manufacturers offer installment payment plans. (Joseph Goebbles- German Propaganda Minister)

29. The creation of the eight-hour work day brought more free time The creation of the eight-hour work day brought more free time leisure activities– Professional sporting events & Travel (made affordable by the use of trains, busses, & cars) leisure activities– Professional sporting events & Travel (made affordable by the use of trains, busses, & cars) Activities promoted government ideals-- Kraft durch Freude (“Strength through Joy”) Activities promoted government ideals-- Kraft durch Freude (“Strength through Joy”)

30. Video

31. Artistic & Literary Trends Political, economic, & social uncertainties lead to intellectual uncertainties after WWI. Political, economic, & social uncertainties lead to intellectual uncertainties after WWI. Abstract Art became popular Abstract Art became popular Art was a way of escaping reality. Art was a way of escaping reality. 2 movements: 2 movements: Dada Dada Surrealism Surrealism

32. Dadaists—believed that life had no purpose. Dadaists—believed that life had no purpose. Surrealism—sought reality beyond the material world in the unconscious. Surrealism—sought reality beyond the material world in the unconscious. Hitler rejected modern art in favor of art that glorified the Aryan race. Hitler rejected modern art in favor of art that glorified the Aryan race. Literature—new works exposed the inner thoughts of characters, some expressed the spiritual loneliness of modern humans. Literature—new works exposed the inner thoughts of characters, some expressed the spiritual loneliness of modern humans.

33. Physics Physics was also affected by the age of uncertainty. Physics was also affected by the age of uncertainty. 1927, German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained the uncertainty principle. 1927, German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained the uncertainty principle. All of our physical laws are based on uncertainty b/c the behavior of subatomic particles is unpredictable. (completely contradicts Newton) All of our physical laws are based on uncertainty b/c the behavior of subatomic particles is unpredictable. (completely contradicts Newton)