2. The effects of climate change on environment and cultures one step backward, two steps forward Presented by: almomani mazen

3. Climate change Human activities Natural causes Factors that affect climate change

4. Past climate change (natural activities) Climate on earth has changed on all time scales including long time before even the emergence of human. Global climate is determined by the radiation balance of the planet, three fundamental ways could change the earth’s radiation balance which causing climate change:-  Changing the incoming solar radiation (e.g., by changes in the earth’s orbit or in the sun itself).  Changing in the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected (e.g., changes in cloud cover).  Altering the long-wave energy radiated back to space (e.g., by changes in greenhouse gas concentration.

5.  Local climate also depends on how heat is distributed by winds and ocean currents, all of these factors have played a significant role in past climate changes.  The natural disasters ( volcanic activities, earthquakes, ecc.)  Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) also plays an important role in the ice ages, Antarctic ice core data show that CO₂ concentration is low in the cold glacial times (~190 ppm), while it was higher in the warm interglacial times (~280 ppm).

6. Human activities This which due to the present industrial revolution. The mass use of energy, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other activities that increase output gases.

7. Current climate change The sustained rate of increase over the past century in the combined radiative forcing from three well mixed green house gases:- Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Methane (CH₄) Nitros oxide (N₂O).  it is very likely that the average rates of increase in (CO₂), as well as in the combined radiative forcing from CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O concentration have been at least five times faster over the period from 19 6 9- 1 999 than over any 4 0 year period during the past two millennia prior to the industrial era.  The present atmospheric concentrations of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O are higher than ever measured in the ice core record for the past 6 5 0 kya.

8. The North Pole ice cap is melting and global sea levels is risen which means globally climate change is already occurred. Ice is melting in the entire world. There is a significant increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, droughts, earthquakes and floods. Climate change can alter health and agriculture via changes in precipitation patterns, water/ice/vapor balance, sea level, water quality. Current results of climate change

9. Climate change Cultural change Environmental change

10. Climate change Environmental change Coastal impactsForest impacts Agricultural impacts Geographical impacts Change in natural habitat animalsplants Water resources impacts Fundamental environmental changes due to climate change

11. Climate change effects on environment Environmental change is the prime determinant of alteration in the gene pool of organic populations. Environmental change may widely vary in form but its ultimate cause is change in the earth’s climate. For this reason environmental change could be one of the fundamental factors that controlled past human evolution. Past human footprint

12. Climate models have demonstrated an obvious link between forests and climate change. A change in climate may affect the stability of forest ecosystems. Equally, loss of forest ecosystems can influence climate through complex feedbacks.

13. A long term climatic change in a geographical region directly affects every single living organism within that region; in addition, every organism will be indirectly affected by the change in every other organism that the change in climate causes. (e.g., a steady lowering of rainfall of rain fall in a particular region will change the vegetation from plants adapted to a relatively high rainfall to plants adapted to a relatively low rainfall. Such a change will immediately affect all the herbivorous animals, which may be unable to find enough of their usual food plants. If they survive, such animals will have slowly adapted their behavior and digestive processes to the new food plants that become dominant. In turn, their carnivorous predators will also be affected. explanation

14. Changes in natural habitats will result in the loss of plant and animal species. Most of the species will tend to immigrate in order to sustain their lives and most of them will change their stopover points (e.g., bird immigration over continents). The same is for marine and terrestrial species.

15. If the sea levels continue to rise then the coastal shores will be covered and the river delta areas will be flooded. This results in changing geographical reliefs too. Threats to coral reefs constitute one of the earliest and clearest marine ecosystem impacts of global climate change. Coral reefs are in danger worldwide from warming-induced bleaching and multiple emerging diseases. It will be less valuable as coastal protection. Less valuable as recreational and tourism sites.

16. CLIMATE CHANGE AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES The geographic distribution and activity of insects are exquisitely sensitive to temperature changes. Microbes and other living organisms tend to increase their numbers exponentially; their population levels reflecting environmental conditions and resource constraints. Historically, periods of social and environmental transition have been accompanied by waves of epidemics spanning multiple continents.

17. Climate change effect on human life

18. As well as the climate affect on the environment it is also affect the human life, and human substantial pattern, which results in fundamental change in his own culture. Indigenous and traditional peoples’ degree of vulnerability is expected to be seriously influenced by land use and land cover change. Land cover change caused by climate change could force them to adapt to new circumstances and alter their traditional ecosystem management systems. in some places climate change impacts may overstrain indigenous and traditional peoples’ capacity to adapt and eventually lead to a loss of their traditional habitats and along with it their cultural heritage.

19. Human from even prehistoric times has been acting regarding his primary needs. Mostly, human was moving when he feels unsecure due to natural changes, looking for new food places, looking for raw materials, and rarely moving because he is curious and want to know more, which means that human settlement or migration belongs to the supply of his primary needs.

20. as a reconstruction of the past, human will try to escape from the unsecure areas like coasts to more secure one. Which means a grand transformation of his cultural, social background. People who depend on agriculture or looking for food from animals will face more difficulties in order to sustain their life which will result in economic and social change. climate change is expected to influence societies and economies dependent upon Forestry.Climate change may well affect the development of such developing economies.

21. Human evolution regarding his substantial pattern

22. Population nowadays is very high regarding past times, which indicates more social, economic, and physical changes in human culture, maybe, human could adapt many changes physically, but maybe he will not be able to manage the social and economic changes.

23. Upcoming changes Poverty and inequality Health and nutrition Marginalization: Deprivation from power, information and technology Diversified livelihoods Land tenure and access rights Land use and land cover change Availability of biological diversity

24. The solution is in our hand but we must work together hand by hand to attain our goal and save the world

25. Thank you for listening