1. WEEK 4 – TUESDAY, FEB 2 SUPPORTING YOUR CLAIM, AVOIDING PLAGIARISM, AND MLA English 102

2. Supporting Your Claim- Using Rhetorical Appeals Reason (logos) – Appealing to common sense or beliefs through logical statements and/or examples to demonstrate a pattern exists. Credibility/Authority (ethos) – Demonstrating yourself as a reliable, credible writer and researcher. You build credibility with your audience in argumentative essays by:  Using a fair, balanced approach to the topic.  Demonstrating an understanding of the complexities of the issues.  Using clarifiers and limiters, showing that you recognize that your position and/or support for your position might be limited in some instances.  Recognizing the validity of the opposing position.  Using a tone and style that is not offensive to your readers. Emotion (pathos) – Appealing to emotions: promise of gain or enjoyment; fear of loss or pain; expressions of anger or disgust.  Use of emotional appeals can be a valid and valuable approach in persuading your audience – they can help you to “drive home” your position and bring your topic down to a personal level for your reader.  Use emotional appeals sparingly and cautiously – especially with negative appeals (fear, loss, pain, anger and/or disgust). You don’t want to offend your readers and you want to make sure your approach is fair and balanced (credible).

3. Supporting Your Claim-- Showing Strength and Credibility for Your Position Personal Testimonies/Anecdotes – Sharing individual accounts or experiences (yours or others you know). Examples – Illustrations that demonstrate your point (for example, recent events in the news). Scenarios – Includes hypothetical or fictional accounts (an example of this is the “ticking-bomb” case in the introduction paragraph of "In Defense of Torture" by Sam Harris). Allusions –Brief, indirect reference to history, science, nature, news events, films, television shows, literary texts that support your point. Statistics – Information collected through experimentation, research, surveys, and/or polls. Facts – Agreed-upon events or truths or conclusions as a result of investigation. Authorities – References to published sources recognized as credible and authoritative (quoting/ paraphrasing from research sources).

4. Supporting Your Claim– Addressing Opposing Viewpoints How do we address the opposing viewpoints without diminishing the validity of our position?  Acknowledge (and limit) the validity of the opposing position. Concede to valid concerns. However, you want to limit it in some way.  Accommodate the opposing position. Show how your position takes the opposing position into account and minimizes or resolves it.  Refute the opposing position. Demonstrate it as faulty in some way.

5. Plagiarism Plagiarism is using the ideas, information, or expressions of someone else without acknowledging that work. Even if you use your own words (as in summarizing or paraphrasing), you must acknowledge your source. Patchwriting is plagiarism – cutting and pasting one or more paragraphs from a source and adding your own words or making minor alterations without using quotation marks and in-text parenthetical citations is plagiarism. Accidental plagiarism is still plagiarism! This is why as a writer, it is important to be organized in your work so that you don't accidentally commit plagiarism. Self-plagiarism – re-using a research paper is consider self- plagiarism and also demonstrates a lack of academic integrity.

6. Plagiarism Are there instances when you do not need to cite? According to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers:... information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholars, such as the basic biography of an author or the dates of a historical event, can be used without documentation. But where readers are likely to seek more guidance or where the facts are in significant dispute among scholars, documentation is needed; you could attribute a disputed fact to the source with which you agree or could document the entire controversy. While direct quotations and paraphrases are always documented, scholars seldom document proverbs, sayings, and clichés. If you have any doubt about whether you are committing plagiarism, cite your source or sources (59). This means that you do not need to document common knowledge: Major facts of history (such as Am Civil War started in 1861). However, an author’s interpretation of history/historical events must be cited. Commonsense observations. Commonly known proverbs, sayings, and clichés – be careful with using these! But, as the MLA Handbook indicates, if you are not sure, it is better to be safe than sorry -- Cite it!

7. MLA (Modern Language Association) Style format for writing. Other style formats include, for example, APA, Chicago, CSE. MLA Document format and citation format style.  See LBH pg 680-681 for essay document format requirements.  See LBH pg 644 for Works Cited page format requirements. Note, your Works Cited page is a part of your essay, placed at the end of your essay.  See LBH pg 634-643 on how to format and punctuate in-text parenthetical citations, as well as where to place them.  See LBH pg 645-680 on how to format source citations (on your Works Cited page).

8. Avoiding Plagiarism – MLA Style As a credible and reliable writer, it is your responsibility to make sure that your source material is distinguishable from your own writing. Signal phrases - identifying phrases included in the sentence to indicate that the information is someone else's. For example: As Stephen Gladwell indicates... OR Studies show... Quotation marks - when using someone else's words, those words should be distinguished with quotation marks, even if it is just one or two key words. For example: Gladwell indicates that there are important differences between "explicit learning" and “collateral learning”... In-text parenthetical citations - indicate the source material and are placed directly after a summary, paraphrase, or quote (generally at the end of the sentence), and directly relate to the source citation on the Works Cited page. In-text parenthetical citation will include the author(s) last name and the page number where the information can be found. However, if the author is mentioned in the sentence via a signal phrase, then the in-text parenthetical citation need only indicate the page number. Examples include:  There are important differences between "explicit learning" and “collateral learning” (Gladwell 36).  As Gladwell indicates, there are important differences between "explicit learning" and “collateral learning” (36).

9. Avoiding Plagiarism Make sure it is clear to your reader who is speaking. Use signal phrases, quotations, and in-text citations to alert your reader as to what are your ideas/words versus what others say. Be organized! Keep good records and notes on sources. Create file folders and keep all your sources together. This will provide easy access to sources when drafting. Immediately note your sources when you use them.  Use quotation marks when quoting directly from source. Whether it is a full sentence or one or two key words, you must quote when using someone else’s words. Proofread to double check that you have no errors in the quote.  Insert in-text parenthetical citations as you are writing your draft. Be efficient in your writing process and note your source in your writing immediately. Not stopping at that point to enter the in-text parenthetical citation can lead to accidental plagiarism, especially if you forget to do it later.  Immediately insert source citations on your Works Cited page. This can easily be done using the split screen function in your word processing program. Using page breaks, make the Works Cited page the last page of your essay. Apply the split screen function and scroll to your Works Cited page in the bottom half of your screen. Now you can write in the top half, and easily insert citations on your Works Cited page on the bottom half of your screen.

10. MLA Scavenger Hunt! Break into groups Using your LBH to find the format to follow for the situations outlined on the handout. This is a race!! The first group to get all the answers correct gets bonus participation points!  1 st place = 5 bonus pts.  2 nd place = 3 bonus pts.  3 rd place = 1 bonus pt. Every group must finish before leaving class today…

11. Homework Complete Essay 1 DRAFT  Submit completed Essay 1 DRAFT in MWL before class!  Bring print out of completed Essay 1 DRAFT to class for Peer Review Workshop  Bring print out of Peer Review Comment Sheet for Essay 1 Complete Quizzes before midnight Wednesday:  Avoiding Plagiarism  Using MLA – In-text Parenthetical Citations