1. Anatomy & Physiology I The Integumentary System Instructor: Mary Holman

2. Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.3

3. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Digestive system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Urinary system Reproductive system Fig. 1.19 The Eleven Organ Systems A&P I A&P II

4. Definitions Tissue - groups or layers of cells with a common purpose Organ - two or more different tissues grouped to perform a special function Organ System - a group of organs coordinated to carry out a specialized function

5. Integumentary System Term used to denote the SKIN and its accessory structures Nails Hair Skin glands

6. Functions of the Integumentary System Protection Sensation Permits movement and growth Endocrine - Vitamin D production Excretion - Regulation of sweat Immunity - First line of defense Temperature regulation

7. Page 196 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal System Vitamin D activated by the skin helps provide calcium for bone matrix. Muscular System Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) work with the skin to control body temperature. Muscles act on facial skin to create expressions. Nervous System Sensory receptors provide information about the outside world to the nervous system. Nerves control the activity of sweat glands. Endocrine System Hormones help to increase skin blood flow during exercise. Other hormones stimulate either the synthesis or the decomposition of subcutaneous fat. Cardiovascular System Skin blood vessels play a role in regulating body temperature. Lymphatic System The skin, acting as a barrier, provides an important first line of defense for the immune system. Digestive System Excess calories may be stored as subcutaneous fat. Vitamin D activated by the skin stimulates dietary calcium absorption. Respiratory System Stimulation of skin receptors may alter respiratory rate. Urinary System The kidneys help compensate for water and electrolytes lost in sweat. Reproductive System Sensory receptors play an important role in sexual activity and in the suckling reflex. Interconnections between the Integumentary and the other 10 Body Systems The skin provides protection, contains sensory organs, and helps control body temperature

8. Skin Thin, relatively flat organ Classified as a membrane - the cutaneous membrane Two main layers Epidermis - outer, thinner Dermis - inner, thicker The two layers are separated by a basement membrane

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 70x

10. Fig. 6.1 Adipose tissue Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 30x Dermal papilla

11. Epidermis Composed entirely of stratified squamous epithelium Lacks blood vessels Composed of four, or in the palm and sole, five distinct layers The outermost layer of cells harden and die in a process called keratinization

12. Epidermal Layers Stratum corneum – outermost layer, composed of layers of dead, non- nucleated, keratinized cells Stratum lucidum – on soles and palms only, appears clear Stratum granulosum -- 3 to 5 layers of flattened, granular cells Stratum spinosum -- many layers of nucleated cells, becoming flattened, developing keratin fibers Stratum basale –- deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that are growing and dividing alive dead

13. Fig. 6.3a Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermis Dermal papilla (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epidermal Layers

14. Fig. 6.3b Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermis Dermal papilla Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 120x Epidermis Stained and Viewed with Light Microscope

15. Melanocytes Specialized cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis with long processes that extend into the stratum spinosum Produce the dark pigment melanin which provides skin color Melanin production is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation

16. Fig. 6.4b Epidermis Dermis Cellular extension of melanocyte Pigment granules Golgi apparatus Melanocyte nucleus Basement membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Melanocyte

17. Fig. 6.4a Pigment granule Nucleus Cell membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited 10,600x Melanocyte

18. Fig. 6A (a)(b)(c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a,b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc Skin Cancers Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma

19. Dermis Made up of two layers Papillary Area has projections up into the epidermal layer, provides nutrients to the epidermis via its abundant blood vessels Reticular Area - denser, deeper, main area of the dermis, mat of irregularly arranged fibers resistant to stretching Nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels all reside in the dermis.

20. Langer’s Cleavage Lines

21. Fig. 6.2a Sweat Epidermis Dermis Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct Subcutaneous layer Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skin and Subcutaneous Layer

22. Fig. 6.7a (a) Hair shaft Pore Hair root (keratinized cells) Arrector pili muscle Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Region of cell division Hair papilla Eccrine sweat gland Dermal blood vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair Follicle

23. Fig. 6.7b Hair follicle Hair root Region of cell division Adipose tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 175x Hair Follicle

24. Fig. 6.8 Keratinized cells of hair shaft Keratinized squamous cells of epidermis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc 875x Hair Shaft

25. Fig. 6.6 Nail bedNail plateLunula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. Fig. 6.10 Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair shaft Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland Pore Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eccrine And Apocrine Sweat Glands

27. Fig. 6.9 Hair Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Per H. Kjeldsen 300x

28. Fig. 6.11 Duct of eccrine sweat gland Pore Sebaceous gland Eccrine sweat gland Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited 30x

29. Hairless Skin of Fingertip 50x Pocket Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy Wolfgang Kuhnel Sweat Duct Pores

30. Fig. 6.12a too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

31. Fig. 6.12b If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily. too low Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature

32. Vitamin D Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of ingested calcium into the bones Skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun converts pro-Vitamin D to Vitamin D 3 Vitamin D 3 is then modified in the liver & kidney to Vitamin D In northern latitudes, many months of the year sun exposure is inadequate for the necessary amount of Vitamin D to be manufactured and supplements containing Vitamin D 3 are necessary

33. Epidermal Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9th Ed. Pg.153

34. Fig. 6.13 (f) (a)(b) (f)(g) (c)(d)(e) Scar tissue Fibroblasts Scar tissue Blood cells Site of injury Scab Blood clot Scab Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Wound Healing

35. Deep Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9th Ed. Pg.153

36. Fig. 6.14 Anterior trunk 18% Posterior trunk 18% Anterior upper extremities 9% Posterior upper extremities 9% Posterior lower extremities 18% Perineum 1% Anterior and posterior upper extremities 18% Anterior and posterior lower extremities 36% 100% Anterior and posterior trunk 36% Anterior and posterior head and neck 9% Anterior head and neck 4 1 / 2 % Posterior head and neck 4 1 / 2 % Anterior lower extremities 18% 9% Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2%41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2%41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2% Rule of Nines