1. Integrated pest management (IPM) : 1.As the practice of preventing or suppressing damaging populations of insect pests by application of the comprehensive and coordinated integration of multiple control tactics. 2.is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM definition

2. 3. is a wiser way to use all types of control methods 4. is a set of management activities that farmers implement to maintain the intensity of potential pests at levels below which they become pests, without endangering the productivity and profitability of the farming system as a whole, the health of the farm family and its livestock, and the quality of the adjacent and downstream environments." (John Wightman, 1998)John Wightman, 1998

3. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.

4. Integrated means that many different ideas and techniques are used in combination to understand and solve pest problems. Forestecological theory is combined with social, economic, and traditional information to make appropriate decisions about pest control methods.

5. A Pest is any living organism that causes economically significant damage to the forest. These can include insects, weeds, mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and vertebrates such as rats and birds. If an organism damages a crop but that damage has no negative economic effect, then that organism is not considered a pest in IPM.

6. Management means making controlled, rational pest control decisions that prevent economic damage to a crop. Good IPM management involves careful scouting and monitoring, good record- keeping, and a long-term farm IPM plan. On-farm management is often supplemented by extension agencies and private crop consultants.

7. Tactics are the various control methodologies, e.g., chemical, biological, cultural. Strategies are the planned manipulations undertaken to optimize the dynamic integration of control methodologies in the context of their economic,

8. Control methods may be local and low-tech, or modern and imported, as long as they make economic, social, and environmental sense in the context of the growers of forest ecosystem. IPM is also often integrated with other production and forest management decisions, such as fertilizer management and trees rotations.

10. ECONOMIC THRESHOLD

11. Level Epidemi Penyakit Hutan Kritikal/Outbreak Treshold Onset (5%) Waktu Level (%)

14. How do IPM programs work? 1.Set Action Thresholds Before taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.

15. 2. Monitor and Identify Pests Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control. Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. IPM programs work to monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.

16. Prevention As a first line of pest control, IPM programs work to manage the trees to prevent pests from becoming a threat. In an agricultural crop,also forest trees this may mean using cultural methods, such as rotating between different trees species, selecting pest- resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock. These control methods can be very effective and cost-efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment.

17. Control Once monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required, and preventive methods are no longer effective or available, IPM programs then evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk. Effective, less risky pest controls are chosen first, including highly targeted chemicals, such as pheromones to disrupt pest mating, or mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding.

18. If further monitoring, identifications and action thresholds indicate that less risky controls are not working, then additional pest control methods would be employed, such as targeted spraying of pesticides. Broadcast spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last resort.

19. The elements of an IPM program include the following: (a)Planning and managing production systems to prevent organisms from becoming pests (b) Identification of potential pests (c) Monitoring populations of pests, beneficial organisms, and all other relevant environmental factors

20. (d) Establishment of economic, damage, and action thresholds (e) Application of cultural, physical, biological, behavioral, and chemical control measures to maintain pest populations below threshold levels (f) Evaluation of the effects and efficacy of pest control measures used.”