1. Pest Management Definition and History

5. 10 000 Species of Insects damaging world food plants

6. 30 000 species of weeds100 000 diseases 1000 species of nematodes US$ 500 BILLION

7. 30 000 species of weeds100 000 diseases 1000 species of nematodes 42.1% lost 15.6 % 13.2 % 13.3 %

8. Pest management History Era of traditional approaches (ancient-1938) Era of pesticides (1939-1962) Era of integrated pest management (1963-now)

9. Era of traditional approaches

10. Era of pesticides Paul Muller (Nobel Prize 1948) DDT discovered In 1939 2,4-D discovered In 1939

11. Era of pesticides The ‘green revolution’

12. Era of pesticides At least 3 million workers poisoned each year 20 000 deaths per year Teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects

13. Era of pesticides 1% 99%

14. Era of pesticides ~100% of us have some insecticide residue in our bodies

16. Era of IPM 1993: US government sets goal of 75% of crop land under IPM by 2000. 2002: 70% of US acreage under some level of IPM

17. Era of IPM

18. Pesticide use 1984 1986 1988 1990 Pesticide use Rice Production Rice production

20. IPM concept (1972) Integrated control. Pest management and Economic injury level. Environmental protection

21. IPM Definition IPM is a sustainable approach that combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. (US Department of Agriculture, 1998).

22. Constrains in IPM Implementation Institutional constrains Informational constrains Sociological constrains Economic constrains Political constrains

23. Strategies for IPM implementation Farmer participationFarmer participation Government supportGovernment support Legislative measuresLegislative measures Institutional infrastructureInstitutional infrastructure AwarenessAwareness

24. Cotton IPM: A case from Peru Use of insecticides after 2 nd WW. Insecticide resistance in the 1950s. Secondary pests. Reduction of natural enemies. IPM implementation rescued cotton. Currently pest problems are returning due to relaxed IPM