1.  The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. McCulloch v Maryland How does McCulloch and Gibbons limit the power of the states?

3. EST. LOCAL GOV’TS OVERSEE ELECTIONS SET TIME PLACE AND MANNER OF ELECTIONS RATIFY AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION EST. A NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM ISSUE LICENSES PROVIDE AN ARMY/NAVY POLICE AND FIRE PROTECTION TAX TAKE PRIVATE PROPERTY BORROW MONEY COIN MONEY TAX RATE ON PROPERTY REG COMMERCE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS SPEND FOR GENERAL WELFARE CHARTER BANKS MAKE AND ENFORCE LAWS FOREIGN RELATIONS PASS CITY ORDINANCES

5. PEOPLE HAVE MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT – LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL LEVELS.

6.  Taxation and distribution of monies by the federal government to state and local governments to fund projects.

7.  Federal grant money given for a specific purpose.  Ex: This money has to be used to expand your local airport. How does a categorical grant expand federal power?

8.  No conditions attached when federal funds are released.  Ex: This money will be used for your states transportation system. How do block grants give the states more power?

9.  Conditions of Aid  Conditions of Aid – terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive federal funds.  Mandates – terms set by the national government that states must meet.  A.) Funded Mandates – Highway FundsHighway  B.) Unfunded Mandates – Ex: Clean Air Act, Americans with Disabilities ActAct NO FEDERAL HIGHWAY FUNDS IF YOU ALLOW YOUR DRINKING AGE TO GO BELOW 21.

10.  States were given block grants to run their own welfare programs (welfare to work). How does this increase the power of the states?

12. TWO METAPHORS…  Dual Federalism – Layer Cake Cooperative Federalism – Marble Cake Federal State What does dual and cooperative federalism have in common with layer and marble cakes?

13.  How does the federal/state relationship differ from fantasy and reality?  How has the role of states changed?  How has federal grant money influenced the states?  How have states influenced policy making?