2. Ch. 25 Immigration and Change APUSH B

3. Where did they come from?

4. Immigrants used as strike breakers (scabs) who drove down wages.

5. 3 rd Wave of Immigration 23 million people came between 1870 – 1924. Push factors: poverty, conscription, political unrest and persecution. Pull factors: “free land,” opportunity, jobs, political freedom. After 1890, many of the new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many of the new immigrants settled in the cities (Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Chicago).

6. Arriving in New York City Castle Garden – first NY immigrant station until 1855- 1892; Ellis Island – poor immigrants were inspected for disease, processed paperwork, etc. Open until 1950s. Ellis Island restored to its former look.

7. Ellis Island’s Great Hall where immigrants wait for inspection.

9. Statue of Liberty Frederic Auguste Bartholdi Inspired by Franco- American cooperation on the 100 th anniversary, 1876, a Roman goddess, Libertas, was sculpted out of copper by Bartholdi. Joseph Pulitzer, newspaper magnate, helped raise money for the base of the statue from his readers. Unveiled in October 1886.

10. Nativism in the late 19 th / early 20 th C. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – prevented unskilled Chinese workers from coming to the U.S. Renewed every 10 years. Dennis Kearney – naturalized Irish immigrant, helped create a society opposed to Chinese immigration called the Workingmen’s Union in 1877. Unions saw immigrants as threats to higher wages and usually discriminated against them.

11. Anti-immigration Themes Immigrants are lazy, indigent (poor / needy), drug / alcohol abusers, prostitutes, competitors for jobs, etc. Chinese immigration: – Competition for jobs; women were prostitutes, men were drug abusers / pushers. Irish immigration: - Catholics meant invasion by the Pope; Irish portrayed as lazy, drunkards, aggressive.

13. The End of the 3 rd Wave Emergency Quota Act of 1921 – allowed only 3% of any ethnic group into the country based upon the group’s 1910 Census numbers. National Origins Act of 1924 – quotas were decreased to 2% and based on the group’s numbers in the 1890 Census. – Targeted the new immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.

14. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) -Born a slave in VA but college educated after the war, he helped build Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. -Washington was a champion of blacks learning a trade and achieving economic equality and self-respect before achieving political and social equality. He was criticized by more radical Black leaders as “accomodationist” b/c he didn’t challenge white supremacy. However, he recognized the depth of white racism and felt that economic independence was the key to eventual Black political and social equality. - George Washington Carver joined Tuskegee’s faculty in 1896 and became a famous chemist who helped boost the South’s economy.

15. W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) -Born in the North, Dubois was the first Black man to graduate from Harvard w/ a doctorate. -Unlike Washington, Dubois wanted full social and political rights for African Americans immediately w/ the rationale that they were citizens. -He helped found a fledgling civil rights group called the Niagara Movement in 1906 with the goals to advocate civil justice and abolish caste discrimination. It eventually failed but Dubois eventually helped form the NAACP in 1909. He became the editor of its newsletter, The Crisis. -In 1903, Dubois wrote The Souls of Black Folks in which he was critical of Washington and others who he felt didn’t push hard enough. -He was also a huge believer in the concept of the Talented Tenth – nurturing the best of his race to be future leaders

16. Ida Wells (1862 -1931) - 1884 – she was thrown off a train for refusing to give up her seat in the ladies’ car. Court awarded her $500 in damages before higher court reversed decision. - Newspaper editor and journalist who launched an anti- lynching campaign in 1892. Her editorial in May 1892 resulted in her newspaper office being destroyed by a white mob. She relocated to NYC and continued her written assault on injustice from there by publishing accounts of lynchings. She also condemned the Chicago World’s Fair for excluding Black Americans in 1893. - She also pushed for women’s issues by helping form the Ntn’l Assn. of Colored Women in 1896 to push for black women’s suffrage.

17. Ida Wells’ famous editorial published in May 1892. "Nobody in this section of the country believes the old thread-bare lie that Negro men rape white women," wrote Wells. "If Southern white men are not careful they will over-reach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a conclusion will then be reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women."

18. American Pragmatism Philosophy started in 1870 by C.S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and Oliver W. Holmes, jr. Influenced by Darwin, they believed that there were no longer absolute truths (as taught by religion or other philosophies). They believe that there is more than one way to look at the world. A thing or idea had value as long as it had a purpose. If something doesn’t have a purpose, it’s useless or pointless to discuss. Science is only useful if can explain natural occurrences, otherwise an unproven hypothesis is useless.