1. Water Pollution Chapter 22

2. Types of Water Pollution Sewage ↑ Enrichment Explosion in algal, bacteria, & decomposer populations ↑ Biological oxygen demand ↓ Oxygen levels in water Fish kills

3. Types of Water Pollution Effect of sewage on dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand

4. Types of Water Pollution Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem Oligotrophic lake

5. Types of Water Pollution Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem Eutrophic lake

6. Types of Water Pollution Disease-Causing Agents

7. Types of Water Pollution Disease-Causing Agents Monitoring for Sewage Fecal coliform test

8. Types of Water Pollution Disease-Causing Agents Monitoring for Sewage Bacterial source tracking (BST)

9. Types of Water Pollution Sediment Pollution Low sediment load

10. Types of Water Pollution Sediment Pollution High sediment load

11. Types of Water Pollution Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrients The Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico (Hypoxia)

12. Types of Water Pollution Organic Compounds

13. Types of Water Pollution Inorganic Chemicals Acids, Salts, Heavy Metals such as… Lead Mercury Arsenic…

14. Types of Water Pollution Inorganic Chemicals Acids, Salts, Heavy Metals such as… Lead Mercury Arsenic

15. Types of Water Pollution Radioactive Substances

16. Types of Water Pollution Thermal Pollution

17. Water Quality Today Point source pollution Nonpoint source pollution (e.g., fertilizer runoff from agriculture fields)

18. Water Quality Today Water Pollution from Agriculture 72% of water pollution in rivers attributed to agriculture

19. Water Quality Today Municipal Water Pollution

20. Wastewater as a Resource --(Trivia, You Don’t need to write this)-- Lake Suwako regional Toyoda Sewage Treatment Plant 1,890 g (4.2lbs) of gold in every ton of dried sewage residue (ash) produced at the plant. (Compare to 20-40 g/ton at of Japan’s Hishikari Mine, one of the world’s top gold mines.)

21. Water Quality Today Water Pollution in Other Countries Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela

22. Water Quality Today Water Pollution in Other Countries Po River, Italy

23. Water Quality Today Water Pollution in Other Countries Ganges River, India Very little waste gets treated Ganga Action Plan intended to help, not effective yet

24. Water Quality Today Water Pollution in Other Countries Kwale, Kenya - Water contaminated with disease- causing organisms

25. Improving Water Quality Purification of Drinking Water Purification issues: The Chlorine Dilemma Fluoridation

26. Improving Water Quality Municipal Sewage Treatment Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment

27. Improving Water Quality Tertiary Sewage Treatment Various biological, chemical and physical processes

28. Improving Water Quality Municipal Sewage Treatment Effectiveness of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment

29. Improving Water Quality Municipal Sewage Treatment Major problem - sludge disposal Can be used as fertilizer, but there may be health risks (e.g., heavy metal poisoning) Once dumped in ocean, now banned Currently, most dumped in landfills

30. Improving Water Quality Individual Septic Systems Septic tank

31. Improving Water Quality Individual Septic Systems Drain field

32. Laws Controlling Water Pollution Safe Drinking Water Act set the maximum contaminant level for drinking water Clean Water Act pertained to improving quality of rivers, lakes, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters

33. Laws Controlling Water Pollution Case-in-Point: Water Pollution in the Great Lakes

34. Laws Controlling Water Pollution Laws That Protect Groundwater Safe Drinking Water Act 1972 Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act

35. Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapter 24

36. This color means you do not need to write text displayed this color.

37. Solid Waste US produces most per capita solid waste = 4.4 lbs per person per day 229 million tons per year (and increasing per year!)

38. Solid Waste Types of Solid Waste

39. Solid Waste Disposal of Solid Waste

40. Solid Waste Disposal of Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills

41. Solid Waste Disposal Sanitary Landfills Problems Methane Surface / ground water contamination Cost, Even when closed

42. Solid Waste Disposal Sanitary Landfills The Special Problem of Plastic staggering amount Do not readily breakdown

43. Waste Prevention Solid waste produced by average family of four in one year in US

44. Solid Waste Disposal The Special Problem of Tires cannot be recycled Can be incinerated

45. Solid Waste Incineration CO 2 emissions per kwatt-hour of electricity production

46. Solid Waste Mass burn incinerator

47. Solid Waste Disposal Incineration Problems Air pollution Produce ash Site selection

48. Solid Waste Disposal of Solid Waste Composting Reduces yard waste in landfills Can be sold or distributed

49. Waste Prevention Three goals: 1) Reduce 2) Reuse 3) Recycle

50. Waste Prevention Reducing the Amount of Waste: Source Reduction Pollution Prevention Act (1990)

51. Waste Prevention Reusing Products Ex. glass beverage bottles What are some other products that can easily be reused or ways that you reuse products?

52. Waste Prevention Recycling Material Paper Glass Glassphalt

53. Waste Prevention Recycling Material Paper Glass Aluminum

54. Waste Prevention Recycling Material Paper Glass Aluminum Metals Other Than Aluminum Plastics

55. Waste Prevention Recycling Material Paper Glass Aluminum Metals Other Than Aluminum Plastic Tires

56. Waste Prevention Integrated Waste Management

57. Hazardous Waste Types of Hazardous Waste Toxic/Harmful molecules ex. PCBs, PBB’c, Dioxins … Toxic elements Infectious wastes Radioactive material

58. Hazardous Waste Case-in-Point: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Drums of low-level nuclear waste

59. Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste Chemical Accidents –National Response Center notified Current Management Policies –Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984) –Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)

60. Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste Cleaning Up Existing Toxic Waste: The Superfund Program Old toxic waste dump site Cleanup

61. Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste Cleaning Up Existing Toxic Waste: The Superfund Program Superfund National Priorities List (2002) 1234 sites currently listed 259 removed from list 656 partially cleaned

62. Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste The Biological Treatment of Hazardous Contaminants - Bioremediation - Phytoremediation

63. Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste Managing current production 1) Source reduction 2) Conversion to less hazardous materials 3) Long-term storage

64. Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste landfill

65. Environmental Justice Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues Rights of poor / disenfranchised vs. rights of rich & powerful Federal agencies responsible for strategies to ensure nondiscrimination

66. Environmental Justice Environmental Justice and International Waste Management Basel Convention Treaty (1989) Restricts international transport of hazardous Waste

67. Changing Attitudes needs to move away from throwaway society. need to embrace voluntary simplicity. What are some ways that you could demonstrate voluntary simplicity in your actions?

68. The Pesticide Dilemma Chapter 23

69. What is a Pesticide? First-Generation Pesticides Inorganics (e.g., lead, mercury) Botanicals (e.g., nicotine, pyrethrin) Pyrethrin is derived from chrysanthemum flowers.

70. What is a Pesticide? Second-Generation Pesticides Synthetic botanicals (e.g., pyrethroids) DDT

71. What is a Pesticide? The Major Groups of Insecticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) Organophosphates (e.g., malathion) Carbamates (e.g., carbaryl)

72. What is a Pesticide? The Major Kinds of Herbicides Selective herbicides (e.g., 2,4-D – kills broad-leaved plants) Nonselective (broad spectrum) herbicides (e.g., glyphosate, aka: Round-Up TM )

73. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Benefit: Disease Control Ex. - Malaria

74. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Benefit: Crop production Farmers save ~$3 - $5 in crops for every $1 in pesticides

75. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance # of species exhibiting genetic resistance to pesticides

76. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance Creates a pesticide treadmill Pesticide application Kills most pests Resistant survive Numbers increase New population genetically resistant EVEN MORE INCREASE

77. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Pesticide Resistance Management Create a no pesticide “refuge” Avoid repeated use of same pesticide

78. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem

79. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem Creation of New Pests

80. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification Biomagnification of DDT

81. Benefits and Problems with Pesticides Problem: Mobility in the Environment

82. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Short-term Effects of Pesticides Handling of food with pesticide residue

83. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Short-term Effects of Pesticides Case-in-Point: The Bhopal Disaster 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas released 600,000 people exposed 2,500 immediately killed 2,500 more killed through time 50,000-60,000 have serious health problems

84. Risks of Pesticides to Human Health Long-term Effects of Pesticides Potentially higher risk of cancer Sterility Miscarriage / birth defects Potentially higher risk for Parkinson’s disease

85. Alternatives to Pesticides Using Cultivation Methods to Control Pests Interplanting Crop rotation

86. Alternatives to Pesticides Biological Controls Use naturally occurring diseases, parasites, or predators Pheromones and Hormones Use pheromones to attract insects to traps Synthetic hormones cause abnormal development Reproductive Controls Sterile-male technique

87. Alternatives to Pesticides Genetic Controls Using Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Case-in-Point: Bt, Its Potential and Problems Genetically modified corn to produce Bt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target species, such as monarch butterfly Quarantine

88. Alternatives to Pesticides Integrated Pest Management

89. Alternatives to Pesticides Integrated Pest Management Rice Production in Indonesia IPM introduced

90. Alternatives to Pesticides Irradiating Foods Kills many microorganisms Predominantly used on meats

91. Laws Controlling Pesticide Use Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954) Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)

92. Laws Controlling Pesticide Use Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954) Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Food Quality Protection Act (1996)