1. BODY SYSTEMS

2. THE HUMAN BODY

3. B. Organ Systems of the Human Body 1. __________System – Receives, processes, & transmits information; coordinates all body systems. 2. __________ System – Regulates homeostasis with chemicals known as hormones. 3. _________ System – Supports and protects body parts. 4. ___________ System – Produces movement. 5. _______________ System – Physical barrier against pathogens, injury, dehydration. Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Integumentary

4. B. Organ Systems of the Human Body 6.___________ System – Transports O 2, CO 2, nutrients, wastes. 7. ___________ System – Responsible for exchange of O 2, CO 2 8. _________ System – Destroys pathogens 9. __________ System – Breaks down food molecules to absorbable monomers 9. ________ System – Washes blood; regulates blood volume 10. _____________ System – Produces gametes; site of embryo development in females Circulatory Respiratory Immune Digestive Urinary Reproductive

5. II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system is composed of the ______ and its accessory structures, including _____, _______, and the ________ found in the skin. The skin is the ________ organ of the human body. skin hairnails glands largest

6. A. Function 1. Protection – Provides a _______________________ ____________________________. 2. Sensory Information 3. Regulation of Body Temperature 4. Vitamin Production – The skin produces Vitamin ___, needed for _________________ when exposed to __________ UV light, dehydration barrier against pathogens, D sunlight strong bones

7. B. Structure – The skin is composed of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis – Outermost layer of skin composed of __________ tissue. There are two parts to the epidermis: a. Basal Layer – Contains cells that are actively going through ________. As new cells are produced, older cells are _______________________. Keratin- __________________. There are also cells in the basal layer called melanocytes which produce _________, a ___________ pigment that protects the skin from _________. epithelial mitosis pushed toward surface waterproof protein melanindark brown UV light

8. b. Outer Layer – As the epidermal cells get pushed away from blood vessels, they _______, so the outermost epidermal layer consists of ______ cells filled with ________ that are eventually ________________. die dead keratin sloughed off

9. 2. Dermis – Inner, thicker layer of skin composed of ___________ tissue. Contains a ___________ of ________ for strength and ________ for elasticity. Structures found in the dermis include: a. Blood vessels – Provide ____ and _________ to cells; remove _____. Also help to maintain a constant body temperature. Heat can be conserved when blood vessels near the surface of the skin _________, or heat can be released when blood vessels _______. b. Hair follicles - _________occurs in follicle to produce hair. Hair consists of _____ cells filled with _________. Small, ________ muscles are attached to each follicle that __________ to pull hairs upright when stimulated by __________ connective matrixcollagen elastin O2O2 glucose CO 2 constrict dilate Mitosis deadkeratin smooth contract cold, fear

10. c. Nail follicles – Produced in same manner as hair. Purpose of nails is to ________ fingertips and toetips. d. Sensory receptors - Transmit information to the ______ and ___________. e. Glands – There are two types of glands located in the dermis: 1) Oil – Produce oil to _____________ 2) Sweat - ___________ of the perspiration produced by these glands requires energy in the form of _____, which is drawn from the skin and results in cooling. protect brain spinal cord lubricate skin Evaporation heat

11. 3. Hypodermis - ___________ tissue specialized to store ___. Connective fat

12. C. Skin Damage & Disorders 1. Burns – Classified according to depth of damage a. First degree – Damage only to __________. Skin appears ____, but without __________. May be caused by __________________________ epidermis redblisters sun, brief contact with hot object

13. b. Second degree – Damage through _________ to ________. Most painful of all burns. Skin is _______ with __________. May be caused by longer exposure to sun, hot object. epidermis dermisred blisters

14. c. Third degree – Destroys __________; damage extends into ____________________. Skin usually appears ________________. May be caused by _ fire, electricity, chemicals –NOT sun!__Lifethreatening._ epidermis dermis, maybe deeper blackened, charred

15. Types of Burns

16. 2. Skin Cancer – Most important risk factor is ____________. The most serious type of skin cancer is _________. sun exposure melanoma

18. Skeletal System

19. A. Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body 2. Protection – Protects many _______ from mechanical injury 3. Movement – Movement occurs when _________ muscles attached to bones contract. organs skeletal

20. 4. Blood Cell Formation 5. Storage a. Minerals – Storage site for ________ and ______________. b. Fat calcium phosphorus

21. A. Human Skeleton The human skeleton has two divisions 1. Axial – Forms the main ____ and includes the _______________________ ______________________________ 2.Appendicular – Contains the bones that form the _______ & ____ and includes the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton including the ________________ axis cranium, mandible, vertebrae costas, sternum, sacrum, coccyx armslegs clavicle, scapula, pelvis

22. B. Human Skeleton Anatomy Bones are held together by __________, tough bands of ___________ tissue. The point where two bones meet is called a _____. Joints are classified according to the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones involved. 1. Immovable or ______ Joints - _____ movement. Example: __________________. ligaments connective joint fixed No bones of cranium

23. 2. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer of ____________ to _________________________. The space between the two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint called _________ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are: a. Ball & Socket - __________________________. Examples: _____________________ b. Hinge - __________________________. Examples: _______ c. Pivot - ____________________________. Examples: ______________________ cartilage cushion the ends of bones synovial Greatest range of movement hip, shoulder Back & forth movement knee Bones twist against each other vertebrae of neck

24. III. Bone Structure A. Embryonic Development – Embryo skeleton is composed entirely of _________. The process of converting cartilage to bone requires the addition of ___________. This process is not completed until after birth. The adult skeleton is completely composed of bone, except for __________________________________. cartilage calcium nose, ears, discs between vertebrae

25. III. Bone Structure Bone is an ______ composed of living tissue. It is surrounded by a tough layer of ____________ tissue called the ___________, ________ and____________ pass through the periosteum to the bone itself. organ connective periosteum Nerves blood vessels

26. 1. Compact Bone – Outer bone tissue found beneath the ____________. Dense, almost solid tissue that provides ________. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous tissue provides _________________. The spaces are filled with soft tissue called ________. There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of blood cell production including all ____ blood cells, _________, and most ______ blood cells. b. Yellow Marrow – Site of _____ storage. periosteum support lightweight support marrow red platelets white fat

27. E. Skeletal System Damage 1. Osteoporosis – Associated with ___________. Characterized by loss of ____________ which results in increased risk of fracture 2. Scoliosis - ________ curvature of the spine 3. Arthritis - Inflammation of the _______. Caused by wear and tear on _________ cushioning the joints older women bone mass Lateral joints cartilage

29. IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM The primary function of the muscular system is to produce __________. Regulate ____________ Move _______through the digestive system movement blood pressure food

30. A. Muscle Fibers Individual muscle cells are called muscle ______. All humans have the ______ number of fibers. Muscle bulk occurs because of ___________ of muscle fibers, not an increase in the number of muscle cells. fibers same thickening

31. B. Muscle Types 1. Skeletal Muscle - __________, _______ muscle cells that fuse together to form a _______________ muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted, they can switch to _____________________ for energy production Voluntary striated multinucleated lactic acid fermentation

32. 2. Cardiac Muscle - ___________, _________ muscle cells found only in the ______, with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together producing a powerful contraction. Involuntary striated heart

33. 3. Smooth Muscle - __________, ________ muscle cells. Smooth muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the ___________________________ ______________________ Involuntary smooth digestive system, urinary bladder, blood vessels

35. C. Muscle Contraction The contraction of muscle tissue requires _____, so muscles are constantly carrying out _______________ and have a large number of ______________. Within a muscle fiber are thousands of individual contracting units called ____________. ATP Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Sarcomeres

36. C. Muscle Contraction Sarcomeres are made up of 2 types of protein filaments 1. Actin - _______filaments that form the border of each sarcomere. 2. Myosin - _______ filaments found in the _________ of the sarcomere. Thin Thick middle

37. C. Muscle Contraction The number of fibers that can contract at one time determine an individual’s __________. The length of the contraction time is known as __________. strength endurance

38. III. Skeletal Muscle A. Anatomy- Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough bands of tissue called _______. Every muscle has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: a. origin – muscle attachment site(s) that _____ b. insertion – bone that is __________________. For example, the _____________ has ________ attaching it to the ________ and the________ The origin is the ________ and the insertion is the _______. tendons does not move moved by contraction biceps brachiitendons scapularadius scapula radius

39. B. Movement- Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the _____________ skeleton work in opposing pairs. a. flexor – muscle that causes limb to ______ at _____. b. extensor – muscle that causes limb to __________ at ______. For example, contraction of the biceps brachii ______ the arm and contraction of the triceps brachii ____________ the arm. appendicular bend joint straighten joint bends straightens