1. Medications & Drugs EQS 115 Common Equine Medications

2. Acepromazine (Promazine, Promace) Drug Type - Tranquilizer Purpose ►Decrease anxiety & depress the CNS ►Ace will not calm an already excited horse! ►Vasodilator ►Can be helpful with horses suffering from tying up and laminitis Side Effects ►Lowers blood pressure ►What type of issues should Ace not be used with? ►Can cause penile paralysis in male horses ROA ►IV, IM, Orally (liquid or tablets) ► Yellowish color ►The effects can last 1 – 4 hours or more depending on the horse Active Ingredient

3. Xylazine (Rompun, Anased) Drug Type - Sedative Purpose ►Short-acting sedative with small amount of analgesic effect ►Good for abdominal pain ►Also acts a muscle relaxant Side Effects ►Excessive sweating ►Slows heart rate ►Moderate loss of coordination ROA ►IV or IM ►Clear color ►Is often used in combination with other drugs for greater chemical restraint or as a preoperative

4. Detomidine (Dormosedan) Drug Type - Sedative Purpose ►10x more potent and provides long lasting pain relief due to small analgesic effect Side Effects ►Slows heart rate ►Greater incoordination ►Can be a masking agent ROA ►IV, IM, Orally (Gel form) ►Clear color ►Is often used in combination with other drugs for greater chemical restraint or as a preoperative

5. Butorphanol (Torbugesic) Drug Type – Analgesic (+Sedation) Purpose ►5x stronger in controlling pain than morphine ►Utilized in uncomfortable and painful situations and procedures ►Difficult colic cases Side Effects ►Loss of coordination ►Head tossing, twitching ROA ►IV or IM ►Is often used in combination with other drugs for greater chemical restraint or as a preoperative

6. Ketamine (Ketaset) Drug Type – Analgesic (+Sedation) Purpose ►Used for starting and maintaining anesthesia ►Often used in field situations - castration Side Effects ►Sweating ROA ►IV or IM ►Is often used in combination with other drugs for greater chemical restraint or as a preoperative

7. Phenylbutazone (Bute) Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►Potent pain reliever, fever reducer, and anti- inflammatory ►Common for musculoskeletal issues ► Better for hard tissue (bone) ►A symptom treater, not a problem solver! Side Effects ►Ulcerations of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract ►Injectable form is highly toxic and corrosive to soft tissue ROA ►Orally (tablets, paste, powder) or IV ► NEVER IM ►May be stacked (given consecutively) with other NSAIDS

8. Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►Potent pain reliever, fever reducer, and anti-inflammatory ►Commonly used for gastrointestinal and soft tissue pain ►Has anti-endotoxin properties Side Effects ►Ulcerations of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract ►IM injection may cause clostridial myositis ►Bacteria from spores in the environment, soil, skin, debris that thrive in an anaerobic environment ►Cause gas gangrene that spreads rapidly ►Can mask pain ROA ►IV, Orally (paste) ►Avoid IM ►Often stacked with other NSAIDS

9. Ketoprofen (Ketofen) Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►Used for musculoskeletal pain of all types ►Fever reduce and anti-endotoxin ►Short term use (5 days or less) Side Effects ►Less likely to cause side effects when compared to Banamine or Bute ►Highly irritating if outside the vein ROA ►IV only ►May be stacked with other NSAIDS

10. Naproxen (Aleve) Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►Used for musculoskeletal pain ►Bone & joint issues, muscle soreness, soft tissue injuries ►Can take 5 – 7 days to see a response ►Remains in the system for a long period of time ►Amount of time can be affected by other drugs Side Effects ►Gastrointestinal irritation ►Not suggested for use in horses that are racing ROA ►Orally (tablets)

11. Aspirin Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►A mild pain reliever, fever reducer, and anti- inflammatory ►Very short duration ►Commonly used for blood-clotting problems ►Slows/prevents platelets from sticking inside blood vessels ►Acts as a vasodilator Side Effects ►Very few side effects when given at a small dose, even for a long period of time ►Gastrointestinal irritation ROA ►Orally (paste, powder, tablets)

12. Diclofenac (Surpass) Drug Type – NSAID Purpose ►Treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in the hock, knee, fetlock, and pastern joints and soft tissue swelling ►Provides “locally enhanced topical delivery” ►Take 6 – 18 hours for an effect Side Effects ►Skin irritation ►Always wear gloves when applying! ROA ►The only topical NSAID (cream) ►Must rub it in good

13. Dexamethasone (Azium) Drug Type – Corticosteroid Purpose ►Treat acute and chronic inflammation ►Very helpful in treating allergic reactions Side Effects ►Increased thirst and urination ►Long term use can suppress the immune system, delay wound healing ►High doses may result in laminitis ROA ►IV, IM, or orally (granules)

14. Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol) Drug Type – Corticosteroid Purpose ►Treat acute and chronic inflammation ►Commonly used as a joint injection Side Effects ►Anytime a joint is injected to there is a high risk of infection ►Are must be fully clean and sterile ►Immune suppression ROA ►IA (Intra-Articular)

15. Triamcinolone (Vetalog) Drug Type – Corticosteroid Purpose ►Treat acute and chronic inflammation ►Commonly used as a joint injection ►Helpful for heaves and dermatologic issues Side Effects ►Risk of joint infection ►Immune suppression ROA ►IM, IA, Topical creams

16. Methocarbamol (Robaxin) Drug Type – Muscle Relaxant Purpose ►Treat muscle spasms / back pain ►Preventive use for horses prone to tying up Side Effects ►Sedation ROA ►IV, Orally (tablets) ►Safe to use with NSAIDS

17. Polysuflated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan) Drug Type – Disease-modifying osteoarthritis agent Purpose ►Protects joint cartilage ►Decreases inflammation in joints ►Slows the progression of arthritis ►Given as a series ►Every 4 days for a month Side Effects ►Very few side effects unless injecting into to the joint ROA ►IM, IA ►Lasts about 72 hours when administered IM

18. Hyaluronic Acid (Legend) Drug Type – Disease-modifying osteoarthritis agent Purpose ► HA is naturally occurring component of all connective tissues – cartilage and joint fluid ►Treat acute and chronic joint damage ►Slows the progression of arthritis ►Can also be used topically on wounds to enhance healing Side Effects ►Very few side effects when administered IV ►Risk of joint infection ROA ►IV, IA, Topically ►1 shot administered but will need to upkeep

19. Trimethoprim Sulfa (SMZ) Drug Type – Antibiotic Purpose ►Most commonly used antibiotic ►Effective against a broad range of bacteria ►Skin, urinary, respiratory, liver infections ►Can be used in combination with other antibiotics to be bactericidal Side Effects ►Diarrhea is the most common ROA ►Orally (tablets), IV

20. Pencillin (Pro-Pen, Pen-…) Drug Type – Antibiotic Purpose ►Bactericidal ►Come in various groups which target certain grams of bacteria ►Commonly used for strangles, respiratory, and skin problems Side Effects ►Irritation at the injection site ►A large amount must be administered ►Must spread out injection into different areas ►Allergic reaction ►Procaine – helps dull injection pain ROA ►Most penicillin treatments are IM only! ►No more than 10ccs in one area ►Must be refrigerated ►Oral penicillin is poorly absorbed in the horse

21. Tetracycline (Doxycycline) Drug Type – Antibiotic Purpose ►Bacteriostatic ►Interfere with the growth cycle and prevent reproduction ►Effective against a range of bacteria ►Commonly used for Lymes disease and Potomac Horse Fever Side Effects ►Diarrhea ►Irritating to the skin if not injected IV ►Must be injected slowly ROA ►IV, Orally (tablets) ►IV solution must be diluted ►The tablets must be opened and the powder diluted with water

22. Omeprazole (Gastrogard) Drug Type – Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitor Purpose ►Prevents the secretion of acid in the stomach ►Allows gastric ulcers the chance to heal Side Effects ►Very few side effects ROA ►Orally (paste) ►Know the difference between GastroGard & UlcerGard!

23. Cimetidine (Tagamet) Drug Type – Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitor Purpose ►Decreases secretion of acid in the stomach ►Will not cure the ulcer but prevent it from reforming ►Used in the treatment of melanomas Side Effects ►Very few side effects ROA ►Orally (tablets)

24. Clenbuterol (Ventipulmin) Drug Type – Gastric Acid Pump Inhibitor Purpose ►Relaxes smooth muscles in the lungs and better open the airways ►Helps loosen excess mucus ►Myths about muscle building, “steroidal” properties Side Effects ►Increased heart rate ►Excitement ►Sweating ROA ►Orally (Liquid)

25. Furosemide (Lasix / Salix) Drug Type – Diuretic Purpose ►Treat fluid retention and excessive swelling ►Commonly used to prevent or diminish the severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) ►Draws water away from the lungs and keeps blood pressure from getting too high Side Effects ►Excessive urination ►Can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances ►Can result in calcium being pulled from the bone ROA ►IV, IM ►Administered 4 hours before a race

26. Ponazuril (Marquis) Drug Type – Antiprotozoal Purpose ►Used to treat equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) ►Can cross the blood-brain barrier making it apt to killing parasites within the spinal cord ►Will have no effect on pre-existing damage Side Effects ►Horses often get worse before they get better ►Due to protozoa dying off ►60% of horses showed neurological improvement when on Marquis ROA ►Orally (paste) ►Given for 30 – 56 days

27. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Drug Type – Anti-Inflammatory Solvent Purpose ►Anti-inflammatory & antibacterial properties ►Can penetrate skin & other tissues ►Used to carry other drugs through the skin ►Can cross the blood-brain barrier Side Effects ►Can cause a horse to smell like garlic ►Users should always wear gloves! ►Skin irritation / blistering ROA ►IV, Topically (gel), Liquid ►Often used as a jug – DMSO + electrolytes through IV – to help reduce body wide inflammation ►Freezes at 50°F

28. Isoxsuprine Drug Type – Anti-Inflammatory Solvent Purpose ►Vasodilator ►Used for conditions where impaired blood flow is present ►Laminitis, Navicular Side Effects ►Should not be used in cases of active bleeding ►Foaling ►Gastrointestinal irritation ►Changes in blood pressure ROA ►Orally (tablets)

29. Drug Type – Hormone Purpose ►Used in the management of mares ►Prevent them from coming into heat ►Synchronize estrous cycles ►Regulate heat cycles ►Maintain pregnancy ►Modify heat-related behavior Side Effects ►Users must wear gloves when handling and administering ►Long term use may delay return to normal reproductive cycle ROA ►Orally (liquid) Progesterone (Regu-Mate)

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