2. 1 The Cold War 1945-1960

3. 2 What is Communism: The Political Spectrum

4. 3 What is Communism? Modern day Communism was born out of the abuses of the workers during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution.

5. 4 What is Communism? Karl Marx Fredrich Engels What is Communism The Communist ManifestoModern day Communism is based on the writings of two German economists, Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, who answered the question “What is Communism?” in their collaboration, “The Communist Manifesto” published in 1848. Karl Marx Fredrich Engels

6. 5 What is Communism? In it they declared that many problems in society are due to the unequal distribution of wealth. To bring about happiness and prosperity for all, the differences between the rich and poor of society must be eliminated. And since the rich will never give up their goods or status voluntarily, a rebellion of the poor -- the working class -- is necessary.

7. 6 What is Communism? Simply put, Communism is a social system in which there is no private ownership of property or wealth. All property and wealth are owned by the people of a communist country. The government’s role is to manage the wealth to ensure that everyone lives at the same economic level, (nobody gets rich or poor.)

8. 7 What is Communism? Pro Communism Quotes "I worked at a factory owned by Germans, at coal pits owned by Frenchmen, and at a chemical plant owned by Belgians. There I discovered something about capitalists. They are all alike, whatever the nationality. All they wanted from me was the most work for the least money that kept me alive. So I became a communist." - Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964.

9. 8 What is Communism? Pro Communism Quotes "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians (workers) have nothing to lose but their chains. Working men of all countries, unite!" "Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians (workers) have nothing to lose but their chains. Working men of all countries, unite!" - Karl Marx "There is no other definition of communism valid for us than that of the abolition (ending) of the exploitation of man by man." "There is no other definition of communism valid for us than that of the abolition (ending) of the exploitation of man by man." - Che Guevara leader of Cuban guerrilla militias.

10. 9 What is Communism? Anti Communism Quotes “Communism has never come to power in a country that was not disrupted by war or corruption, or both." “Communism has never come to power in a country that was not disrupted by war or corruption, or both." - President John F. Kennedy "Communism is like Prohibition, it's a good idea but it won't work" "Communism is like Prohibition, it's a good idea but it won't work" - Will Rogers, Writer and humorist. "How do you tell a communist? Well, it's someone who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an anti-Communist? It's someone who understands Marx and Lenin." "How do you tell a communist? Well, it's someone who reads Marx and Lenin. And how do you tell an anti-Communist? It's someone who understands Marx and Lenin." - President Ronald Regan

11. 10 What is Communism? Anti Communism Quotes "A communist is like a crocodile – when it opens its mouth you cannot tell whether it is trying to smile or preparing to eat you up.” - Winston Churchill "Communism doesn't work because people like to own stuff." "Communism doesn't work because people like to own stuff." - Frank Zappa, popular 1960s song writer and musician.

12. 11 A Clash of Interests Even before the war ended the wartime alliances between the U.S. and the Soviet Union had begun to show signs of strain. President Roosevelt had hoped that the defeat of the Axis powers and the creation of the United Nations would lead to a more peaceful world. Instead, the U.S. and the USSR became increasingly hostile toward each other after the war.

13. 12 A Clash of Interests This led to an era of confrontation and competition, from 1946- 1990, in which both sides (U.S. and the USSR), did everything to advance their goals without actually going to war with each other. This era became known as the Cold War Cold War. MAD Mutually Assured Destruction

14. 13 A Clash of Interests: Soviet Security Concerns Tensions between the U.S. and the USSR began to increase because the two sides had different goals. Germany had invaded Russia twice in less than 30 years. In order to make sure it didn’t happen a third time, the Soviets were determined to keep Germany weak and make sure the countries between Germany and the USSR were under Soviet control so as to create a buffer zone. Buffer Countries

15. 14 A Clash of Interests: Soviet Security Concerns As much as security concerns influenced their thinking, Soviet leaders were also Communists. They believed that communism was a superior economic system that would eventually replace capitalism. As a result the Soviet Union encouraged the spread of communism in other nations.

16. 15 A Clash of Interests: Soviet Security Concerns “Either death to capitalism, or death under the heel of capitalism.”

17. 16 A Clash of Interests: Soviet Security Concerns Lastly, Soviet leaders also accepted Lenin’s theory that capitalist countries eventually would try to destroy communism. This made Soviet leaders suspicious of capitalist nations. Paranoia

18. 17 A Clash of Interests: American Economic Concerns While Soviet leaders were focused on securing their borders, American leaders focused on economic problems. Many American officials believed that the Depression had caused WWII. Without it, Hitler would never have come to power, and Japan would not have wanted to expand its empire. Never Again!

19. 18 A Clash of Interests: American Economic Concerns

20. 19 A Clash of Interests: American Economic Concerns American advisors believed that when nations close their borders and stop trading with other countries, it will eventually force them to go to war to get the resources they need. By 1945, President Roosevelt and his advisors were convinced that economic growth was the key to world peace.

21. 20 A Clash of Interests: American Economic Concerns American leaders wanted to: 1.Promote economic growth by increasing world trade. 2.Promote democracy and free enterprise.

22. 21 A Clash of Interests: American Economic Concerns They believed that democratic governments, with protections for people’s rights, made countries more stable and peaceful. They also thought the free enterprise system, with private property rights and limited government intervention in the economy, was the best route to prosperity.

23. 22 A Clash of Interests: Summary Goal: Goal: Prevent another world war. How: How: Spread democracy and free enterprise Goal: Goal: Prevent being invaded again. How: How: Build a buffer zone of countries and spread communism.

24. 23 The Yalta Conference The agreements reached by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin at Yalta.

25. 24 The Yalta Conference: Poland After Russian forces liberated Poland in their march towards Berlin, they established a Communist government in the country. At Yalta, FDR and Churchill had argued that the Poles should be free to choose their own government. was a matter of life and deathStalin argued that it “was a matter of life and death” that the Polish government had to be friendly to the Soviet Union. (In both WWI & WWII Germany had invaded Russia through Poland.)

26. 25 The Yalta Conference: Poland Eventually, the three leaders compromised. FDR and Churchill agreed to recognize the current Polish government set up by the Soviets. In return, Stalin agreed that the government would include members of the prewar Polish government and that free elections would be held as soon as possible.

27. 26 The Yalta Conference: Declaration of Liberated Europe Declaration of Liberated EuropeFDR, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to issue the Declaration of Liberated Europe. the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will liveThe declaration asserted “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live.” The Allies promised: to create democratic institutions of their own choice 1. That the people of Europe would be allowed “to create democratic institutions of their own choice.” 2.To establish temporary governments that represented all the people. 3.Hold free elections as soon as possible.

28. 27 The Yalta Conference: Dividing Germany FDR, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany into four zones. Great Britain, U.S., France, and the Soviet Union would each control one zone. The same four countries would also divide the city of Berlin even though it was in the Soviet Union’s zone.

29. 28 The Yalta Conference: Dividing Germany Germany Berlin

30. 29 The Yalta Conference: Dividing Germany Although pleased with dividing Germany, Stalin also wanted to weaken Germany economically. Stalin demanded that Germany pay heavy reparations for the war damage it caused.

31. 30 The Yalta Conference: Dividing Germany FDR insisted that the reparation payments be: 1.Based on Germany’s ability to pay. 2.Instead of cash, Germany would be allowed to pay with goods and products. Stalin eventually agreed to FDR conditions.

32. 31 The Yalta Conference: Dividing Germany This decision however, did not resolve the issue over payments. Over the next few years, arguments about Germany’s reparations payments increased tensions between the U.S. and the USSR and became one of the major causes of the Cold War.

33. 32 The Yalta Conference: Summary 1.Restore Poland’s independence…….. 2.Divide Germany……………………. 3.Declaration of Liberated Europe…… 4.War reparations…………………….. USAUSSR Yes Limited Yes (lied) Yes Yes (lied) Yes

34. 33 The Yalta Conference: Tensions Begin to Rise Two weeks after Yalta, the Soviets pressured the King of Romania into accepting a communist government. The U.S. accused the Soviets of violating the Declaration of Liberated Europe. Soon afterward the Soviets refused to allow more than three non-communist Poles to serve in the 18 member Polish government and did not hold free elections as promised. King Michael I

35. 34 The Yalta Conference: Tensions Begin to Rise On April 1 st, 1945, President Roosevelt informed the USSR that their actions in Europe was unacceptable. Eleven days later President Roosevelt died, leaving President Truman with a deteriorating relationship with the Soviets.

36. 35 Truman Takes Control President Truman was inexperienced in diplomacy however, he had his own views about how to deal with the Soviets. He felt that the U.S. should not make the mistake Britain had made in appeasing Hitler. The U.S. should standup to the Soviet Union. Ten days after taking office, Truman sent a strong message to Stalin, demanding that the USSR allow free elections in Poland as promised in Yalta. No Appeasement!

37. 36 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference PotsdamIn July 1945, with the war in the Pacific still going on, Truman met with Stalin at Potsdam, near Berlin, in order to work out a deal on Germany. Truman was convinced that building up Germany’s economy was vital to the rest of Europe. If Germany’s economy could not be revived than the rest of the European countries would never recover either and the European people might turn to Communism out of desperation. ( Churchill was defeated in the 1945 British election and replaced by Clement Attlee.)

38. 37 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference Stalin was equally convinced that they desperately needed reparations from Germany to help rebuild their devastated economy. Soviet troops had already begun stripping their zone in Germany of all it’s machinery and industrial equipment for use back home. But Stalin wanted Germany to pay much more.

39. 38 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference At the conference, Truman took a firm stand against reparations. He insisted: 1.Germany’s industry had to be allowed to recover. 2.The Soviets take their reparations from their zone only, while the Allies allow industry to revive in the other zones. Stalin opposed this idea because the Soviet zone of Germany was mostly agricultural and did not have the wealth to pay.

40. 39 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference To get the Soviets to accept the deal, Truman offered: The Soviets only take a small amount of industrial equipment from the Allies’ zones which the Soviets would use to pay for food shipments to the German people. To accept the new German- Polish border the Soviets had established.

41. 40 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference In addition, Truman was informed the atomic bomb had successfully been tested, to which he informed Stalin. Stalin accepted the deal even though he felt bullied into it.

42. 41 Truman Takes Control: The Potsdam Conference Since the Allies controlled Germany’s industrial heartland, the Soviets had no choice but to cooperate if they wanted to get any reparation payments at all. The Potsdam conference further increased tensions between the U.S. and the Soviets further paving the way for the Cold War.

43. 42 The Potsdam Conference: Summary President Truman: No more appeasement, time to play “hardball.” $$ $$ War Reparations………………….. USAUSSR Only from your half of Germany. Forced to accept agreement. Color photo of “Fat Boy.”

44. 43 The Iron Curtain Descends The presence of the Soviet Army in Eastern Europe ensured that eventually pro- Soviet Communist governments would be established in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

45. 44 The Iron Curtain Descends satellite nationsThe communist countries of Eastern Europe came to be called satellite nations because they had to be Communist, friendly to the USSR, and had to follow policies approved by the Soviets.

46. 45 The Iron Curtain Descends As he watched the Communist takeover in Eastern Europe, Winston Churchill coined a phrase to describe what had happened. On March 5 th 1946, in a speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill said: From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent… “ From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent…”

47. 46 The Iron Curtain Descends With the Iron Curtain separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West, the World War II era had come to an end. The Cold War was about to begin.

48. 47 The Iron Curtain Descends

49. 48 The Iron Curtain Descends

50. 49 East German Border Guard Dogs

51. 50 The Iron Curtain Descends

52. 51 The Iron Curtain Descends

53. 52 The Iron Curtain Descends

54. 53 The Iron Curtain Descends West German border signs warning people of the border.

55. 54 Containing Communism: The Long Telegram Through out the early years of the Cold War, the Soviets resisted all attempts by the Allies to have them compromise and allow some form of democracy to take place inside Eastern Europe. Exasperated, officials at the U.S. State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.

56. 55 Containing Communism: The Long Telegram George Kennan Long TelegramOn Feb. 22 nd, 1946, American diplomat George Kennan responded with what came to be known as the “Long Telegram”, a 5,540-word cable message explaining his views of Soviet goals. Originated the concept of “Containment”

57. 56 Containing Communism: The Long Telegram According to Kennan: 1.The Russian people have always felt insecure and fearful of the West. 2.This insecurity has been intensified by communism which proclaims that communism is in a long term historical struggle against capitalism. 3.Therefore it was impossible to reach any permanent settlement with them.

58. 57 Containing Communism: The Long Telegram 4. The U.S. should be patient, firm, and vigilant in containing Communism, preventing it from expanding outside of the Soviet Union. 5. The USSR has several major economic and political weaknesses. 6. If the U.S. could keep the USSR from expanding their power, then it would only be a matter of time until the Soviet system would fall apart. 7. Communism could be beaten without going to war.

59. 58 Containing Communism: The Long Telegram containmentThe Long Telegram circulated widely in Truman’s administration and created the policy of containment- keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military action.

60. 59 Containing Communism: The Truman Doctrine The straits of the Dardanelles were a vital route from the Soviet Black Sea ports to the Mediterranean Sea. For centuries Russia had wanted to control this strategic route. In August 1946, Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey. Russia Straits of the Dardanelles

61. 60 Containing Communism: The Truman Doctrine The U.S. saw this move as the first step in a Soviet plan to control the Mideast. President Truman ordered American warships into the Mediterranean Sea to protect Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean.

62. 61 Containing Communism: The Truman Doctrine While the U.S. was supporting Turkey, England was helping Greece fight Communist guerrillas who were trying to take over the Greek government. For about six months the British troops helped the Greek army fight the guerrillas even though it put a huge strain on their economy, still weakened from WWII.

63. 62 Containing Communism: The Truman Doctrine In Feb. 1947, Great Britain informed the U.S. that it could no longer afford to help Greece. On March 12 th 1947, President Truman went before Congress to ask for $400 billion to fight communism. Truman DoctrineHis speech outlined a policy which became known as the Truman Doctrine. This doctrine pledged that the U.S. would fight communism worldwide.

64. 63 Containing Communism: The Marshall Plan Postwar Western Europe faced grave problems. Economies were in ruin, people were near starvation, and political chaos was about to breakout. The terrible winter of 1946 made things even worse. Article in Life Magazine, 1946

65. 64 Containing Communism: The Marshall Plan Secretary of State, George C. Marshall Marshall PlanIn June 1947, Secretary of State, George C. Marshall proposed the European Recovery Plan or better known as the Marshall Plan.

66. 65 Containing Communism: The Marshall Plan His plan would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. two halves of a walnutTruman saw the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine as “two halves of a walnut,” both essential for containment. The Marshall Plan offered help to all nations including the USSR and Eastern European countries. ERP-European Reconstruction Program

67. 66 Containing Communism: The Marshall Plan The Soviet Union and its satellite nations in Eastern Europe rejected the offer. Instead the Soviets developed their own economic program. This action further separated Europe into competing western and eastern halves. The Marshal Plan pumped billions into Western Europe, weakening the appeal of communism, and opened markets for trade.

68. 67 The Berlin Crisis The Soviet Union still wanted Germany to pay reparations while the U.S. was determined to rebuild Germany’s economy. Eventually this dispute brought the U.S. and the USSR to the brink of war.

69. 68 The Berlin Crisis: West Germany is Founded By early 1948, U.S. officials had concluded that the Soviets were deliberately trying to undermine Germany’s economy. In response the U.S., Great Britain, and France agreed to merge their zones in Germany and allow the Germans to have their own government. They also agreed to merge their zones in Berlin and to make West Berlin part of the new German Republic. West Germany

70. 69 The Berlin Crisis: West Germany is Founded West Germany East Germany.The new nation was officially called the Federal Republic of Germany, but it became to be known as West Germany as the Soviet zone became known as East Germany. West Germany was not allowed to have a military, but in most respects, it was independent.

71. 70 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift The decision to create West Germany convinced the Soviets that they would never get their reparations they wanted. In late June, 1948, Soviet troops cut all road and rail traffic to West Berlin isolating the western half of the city. The blockade provoked a crisis. President Truman sent long-range bombers with atomic weapons to bases in England.

72. 71 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift General Lucius ClayThe American commander in Germany, General Lucius Clay warned that if Berlin fell, West Germany would be next. The challenge was to keep West Berlin alive without provoking war with the Soviets. Berlin AirliftIn June 1948, Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift to begin.

73. 72 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift

74. 73 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift

75. 74 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift

76. 75 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift Candy bars with parachutes.

77. 76 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift For 11 months, cargo planes supplied Berliners with food, medicine, and coal. The airlift continued through the spring of 1949, bringing in over two million tons of supplies. Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12 th. The Berlin airlift became a symbol of American determination to stand by the divided city.

78. 77 The Berlin Crisis: The Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift Monument at Templehof, Berlin

79. 78 The Berlin Crisis: NATO The Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that the Soviets were bent on conquest. Both the public and Congress began to support a military alliance with Western Europe. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATOBy April 1949, an agreement had been reached to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (NATO)- a mutual defense alliance. NATO initially included 12 countries: U.S., Canada, England, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland. These countries agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked.

80. 79 The Berlin Crisis: NATO

81. 80 The Berlin Crisis: NATO For the first time in history the U.S. had committed itself to maintaining peace in Europe. Six years later NATO allowed West Germany to rearm itself and join the defense alliance. Warsaw PactThis decision alarmed Soviet leaders. They responded by organizing a military alliance in Eastern Europe, which became known as the Warsaw Pact.

82. 81 The Berlin Crisis: NATO

83. 82 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia: Civil War and Revolution in China Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shekDuring the 1920s Communist forces led by Mao Zedong had been fighting against the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. During WWII both sides suspended their fight to resist the Japanese occupation of their country. After WWII the two sides resumed their fight. Neither side could win, and neither side would accept a compromise. Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek

84. 83 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia: Civil War and Revolution in China To prevent a Communist revolution in Asia, the U.S. sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid beginning in the mid 1940s. However, because of corruption and poor military planning the Nationalist government squandered the money resulting in the Communist capturing the Chinese capital of Beijing in 1949.

85. 84 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia: Civil War and Revolution in China TaiwanThe defeated Nationalists then fled the Chinese mainland for the small island of Taiwan (Formosa). People’s Republic of ChinaThe victorious Communists established the People’s Republic of China in Oct. 1949.

86. 85 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia: After the Fall China’s fall shocked Americans. To make matters worse, in Sept. 1949, the Soviets announced that it had successfully tested its first atomic weapon. Then in 1950, China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance. Many Western leaders feared that China and the Soviet Union would support Communist revolutions in other countries.

87. 86 The Cold War Spreads to East Asia: After the Fall Once the U.S. lost China as its chief ally in Asia, it focused on rebuilding Japan’s industrial economy. Just as the U.S. viewed West Germany as the key to defending all of Europe against Communism, it saw Japan as the key to defending Asia.

88. 87 The Korean War At the end of WWII, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there. 38 th parallel of latitudeThe Allies divided Korea at the 38 th parallel of latitude. Soviet troops controlled the north, while American troops controlled the south.

89. 88 The Korean War As the Cold War began, talks to reunify Korea broke down. A Communist Korean government was organized in the north, while an American- backed government controlled the south. Both governments claimed authority over all of Korea with border clashes along the 38 th parallel.

90. 89 The Korean War

91. 90 The Korean War The Soviet Union provided extensive military aid to the North Koreans, who quickly built up a large well- equipped army. On June 25 th, 1950, North Korean troops invaded into the south, rapidly driving back the poorly equipped South Korean forces.

92. 91 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes Truman saw the Communist invasion of South Korea as a test of the containment policy and ordered U.S. naval and airpower into action. He then called on the United Nations to act. General MacArthurWith the pledge of UN troops, Truman ordered General MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to the Korean peninsula.

93. 92 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes In the beginning of the war, poorly equipped American and South Korean troops were driven back into a small pocket of territory near the port of Pusan. Pusan PerimeterInside the “Pusan Perimeter” the troops stubbornly resisted the North Korean onslaught, buying time for MacArthur to organize reinforcements.

94. 93 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes An air drop of supplies to the soldiers inside the Pusan perimeter.

95. 94 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes

96. 95 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes

97. 96 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes Port of Inchon.On Sept. 15 th, MacArthur ordered a daring invasion behind enemy lines at the Port of Inchon. The Inchon landing took the North Koreans by surprise.

98. 97 The Korean War: The UN Intervenes Within weeks the they were in full retreat back across the 38 th parallel. Yalu RiverTruman then gave the order to pursue the North Koreans beyond the 38 th parallel which MacArthur did, pushing up to the Yalu River, the border with China.

99. 98 The Korean War: China Enters the War The Communist Chinese government saw the advancing UN troops as a threat and warned the forces to halt their advance. When those warnings were ignored, China launched a massive counter-attack across the Yalu River in November. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops flooded across the border, driving the UN forces back across the 38 th parallel. Chinese soldiers crossing the Yalu River into Korea.

100. 99 The Korean War: China Enters the War As his troops fell back, an angry MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China. He asked to blockade Chinese ports, the use of Nationalist Chinese forces in Taiwan, and the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic bombs.

101. 100 The Korean War: Truman Fires MacArthur President Truman refused MacArthur’s requests because he didn’t want to expand the war into China or to use the atomic bomb. there is no substitute for victoryMacArthur persisted, publicly criticizing the president saying. “there is no substitute for victory.” Determined to maintain control of policy and show that the president commanded the military, an exasperated Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination in April, 1951. President Truman on TV announcing his decision to relieve Gen. MacArthur. You’re Fired!

102. 101 The Korean War: Truman Fires MacArthur Despite being fired, the WWII general remained very popular with the American public receiving a hero’s welcome. limited warDespite severe criticism, Truman remained committed to limited war- a war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism.

103. 102 Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s farewell speech given at West Point The shadows are lengthening for me. The twilight is here. My days of old have vanished - tone and tints. They have gone glimmering through the dreams of things that were. Their memory is one of wondrous beauty, watered by tears and coaxed and caressed by the smiles of yesterday. I listen then, but with thirsty ear, for the witching melody of faint bugles blowing reveille, of far drums beating the long roll. The shadows are lengthening for me. The twilight is here. My days of old have vanished - tone and tints. They have gone glimmering through the dreams of things that were. Their memory is one of wondrous beauty, watered by tears and coaxed and caressed by the smiles of yesterday. I listen then, but with thirsty ear, for the witching melody of faint bugles blowing reveille, of far drums beating the long roll. In my dreams I hear again the crash of guns, the rattle of musketry, the strange, mournful mutter of the battlefield. But in the evening of my memory I come back to West Point. Always there echoes and re-echoes: Duty, Honor, Country. In my dreams I hear again the crash of guns, the rattle of musketry, the strange, mournful mutter of the battlefield. But in the evening of my memory I come back to West Point. Always there echoes and re-echoes: Duty, Honor, Country. Today marks my final roll call with you. But I want you to know that when I cross the river, my last conscious thoughts will be of the Corps, and the Corps, and the Corps. Today marks my final roll call with you. But I want you to know that when I cross the river, my last conscious thoughts will be of the Corps, and the Corps, and the Corps. I bid you farewell. I bid you farewell.

104. 103 The Korean War: Changes in Policy General Matthews RidgewayTruman chose General Matthews Ridgeway to replace MacArthur. By mid 1951, the UN forces had pushed the Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38 th parallel. The war then settled down into a series of relatively small battles over hills and other local objectives.

105. 104 The Korean War: Changes in Policy In November, 1951 peace negotiations began, but an armistice would not be signed until July 1953. More than 33,600 American soldiers died in action in the Korean War. The Korean War marked an important turning point in the Cold War. Until 1950, the U.S. had preferred to use political pressure and economic aide to contain Communism. After the Korean War began however, the U.S. began a major military buildup.

106. 105 The Korean Peninsula Today Communism Capitalism

107. 106 M*A*S*H

108. 107 The Korean War: Changes in Policy The Korean War expanded the Cold War to Asia. In addition to Western Europe, the U.S. became committed to defending Communism in Asia by signing defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines and Australia. American aid also began to flow to the French forces fighting Communist guerrillas in Vietnam.

109. 108 A New Red Scare By the 1950s just about all of America believed that Communists were trying to take over the world. Red Scare Igor GouzenkoThe Red Scare began in Sept. 1945, when a clerk name Igor Gouzenko walked out of the Soviet Embassy in Canada and defected. Gouzenko was told by the Soviet Union to infiltrate organizations and government agencies in Canada and the U.S. with the specific goal of obtaining information about the atomic bomb. Gouzenko wearing a hood in public so as not to be identified.

110. 109 A New Red Scare The Gouzenko case stunned America. It implied that spies had infiltrated the American government. subversionSoon the search for spies escalated into a general fear of Communist subversion- an effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government. As the Cold War intensified in 1946-1947, Americans began to fear that Communists were secretly working to subvert the American government.

111. 110 A New Red Scare: The Loyalty Review Program loyalty review programIn early 1947, just nine days after his powerful speech announcing the Truman Doctrine, the president established a loyalty review program. It’s purpose was to screen all federal employees to determine if they were truly loyal to America. Instead it confirmed fears that Communists had infiltrated the government and helped increase the fear of communism sweeping the nation.

112. 111 A New Red Scare: The Loyalty Review Program Between 1947-1951, over six million federal employees were screened for their loyalty- a term difficult to define. What was a communist supporter? Someone who read books about communism? Someone who visited communist countries? Someone who watched pro- communist foreign films. Someone who belonged to pro- communist groups. Communist???

113. 112 A New Red Scare: The Loyalty Review Program About 14,000 federal employees were investigated by the FBI resulting in about 2,000 employees quitting their jobs during the scrutiny. questionable loyaltyAnother 212 were fired for “questionable loyalty” though no actual evidence against them was uncovered.

114. 113 A New Red Scare: HUAC, J. Edgar HooverFBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, was not satisfied with the screening of federal employees. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)Hoover went before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), formed in 1938 to investigate both communist and fascist activities in the U.S. HUAC was a minor committee until Hoover urged them to hold investigations on communist subversion. the diabolic machinations of sinister figures engaged in un-American activitiesThe committee, Hoover said, could reveal, “the diabolic machinations of sinister figures engaged in un-American activities.”

115. 114 A New Red Scare: HUAC Once Communists were identified, he explained, the public would isolate them and end their influence. FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover

116. 115 A New Red Scare: Alger Hiss Alger Hiss Whittaker ChambersAlger Hiss was a prominent government official accused of being a communist spy by Whittaker Chambers, a Time Magazine editor and former Communist Party member in testimony to HUAC. libelHiss sued Chambers for libel (telling lies that hurts a person’s reputation.) Both Hiss and Chambers appeared before the HUAC testifying against each other. Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Communist!!!

117. 116 A New Red Scare: Alger Hiss To defend himself, Chambers produced copies of secret documents along with microfilm that he had hidden in a hollow pumpkin on his farm. pumpkin papersThese “pumpkin papers” Chambers claimed, proved that he was telling the truth. A jury agreed and convicted Hiss of perjury, or lying under oath.

118. 117 A New Red Scare: The Rosenbergs Another sensational spy case centered around accusations that American Communists had sold the secrets of the atomic bomb. Many people did not believe the Soviet Union could have produced an atomic bomb in 1949 without help. This belief intensified the hunt for spies.

119. 118 A New Red Scare: The Rosenbergs In 1950, a British scientist admitted sending information to the Soviet Union. JuliusEthel RosenbergHis testimony led the FBI to arrest Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a New York couple who were members of the Communist Party. The government charged them with heading a Soviet spy ring. The Rosenbergs denied the charges but were convicted and condemned to death.

120. 119 A New Red Scare: The Rosenbergs Many people believed they were not leaders or spies, but victims caught up in the wave of anti- communist frenzy. Despite many appeals for clemency the Rosenbergs were executed in June 1953. First time in American history that a person was executed for espionage.

121. 120 Project Venona Even as Americans hotly debated the guilt or innocence of individuals like the Rosenbergs, there was however, solid evidence of Soviet espionage. VenonaAlthough very few Americans knew at the time, American cryptographers, working for a project code-named “Venona”, had cracked the Soviet spy code of the time, enabling them to read approximately 3,000 messages between Moscow and the U.S. Most of the code breakers were women.

122. 121 Project Venona The messages confirmed extensive Soviet spying. To keep the Soviets from learning how thoroughly the U.S. had penetrated their codes, authorities chose not to make the intercepted messages public. Not until 1995, did the government reveal Project Venona’s existence. The Venona documents provided strong evidence that the Rosenbergs were guilty. Guilty!

123. 122 The Red Scare Spreads Following the federal government’s example, many state and local governments, universities, businesses, unions, and churches began their own efforts to find Communists.

124. 123 “A Conspiracy So Immense” By 1949, the Red Scare intensified even further. The Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb and China fell to Communism causing many Americans to believe that the U.S. was losing the Cold War. Americans were convinced that Communist agents had infiltrated the government and remained undetected.

125. 124 “A Conspiracy So Immense” Joseph McCarthyIn Feb. 1950, Joseph McCarthy, a little known Senator from Wisconsin, gave a political speech in which he claimed that he had a list of 205 government officials working in the State Department who were members of the Communist Party. By the next day Senator McCarthy’s claim had appeared in newspapers around the country. McCarthy on television addressing the American people.

126. 125 “A Conspiracy So Immense” The list never appeared but it made McCarthy a household name. McCarthy proclaimed that Communists were a danger both at home and abroad. He accused Democratic party leaders of corruption and of protecting Communists. “a conspiracy so immense as to dwarf any previous such ventures in the history of manHis wild accusations included the Secretary of State Dean Acheson and the former Army Chief of Staff and Secretary of State, George Marshall of disloyalty and being a member of “a conspiracy so immense as to dwarf any previous such ventures in the history of man.”

127. 126 “A Conspiracy So Immense” Because of the mood of the country, many Americans were ready to believe him.

128. 127 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy Tactics After the 1952 election gave the Republicans control of Congress, McCarthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations. witch huntUsing the power of the committee to force government officials to testify about alleged Communist influences, McCarthy turned the investigation into a witch hunt- a search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears.

129. 128 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy Tactics McCarthyismHis tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges became known as McCarthyism. McCarthy’s sensational accusations drew the attention of the press, which put him in the headlines and quoted widely.

130. 129 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy Tactics When he questioned witnesses, McCarthy would badger them and then refuse to accept their answers. His tactics left a cloud of suspicion that McCarthy and others interpreted as guilt. Furthermore, people were afraid to challenge him for fear of becoming targets themselves.

131. 130 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy’s Downfall In 1954 McCarthy began to look for Soviet spies in the U.S. Army. Alerted to his intentions, the army conducted its own internal investigation and found no spies or any suspicion of espionage. Furious, McCarthy took his investigation onto television.

132. 131 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy’s Downfall On television, he questioned and challenged officers in a harsh voice, harassing them about trivial details and accusing them of misconduct. Millions of Americans watched McCarthy bully witnesses which resulted in his popularity to start to fade.

133. 132 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy’s Downfall Joseph WelchFinally, to strike back at Joseph Welch the chief counsel for the Army, McCarthy brought up the past of a young lawyer in Welch’s law firm who had been a member of a communist organization during his law school years. Fully prepared for this accusation, Welch exploded at McCarthy on live television for trying to ruin the young man’s career. Joseph Welch

134. 133 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy’s Downfall “Until this moment, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness…You have done enough sir, at long last! Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you no sense of decency?”“Until this moment, I think I never really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness…You have done enough sir, at long last! Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you no sense of decency?” Spectators cheered, Welch had said what many Americans had been thinking.

135. 134 “A Conspiracy So Immense” McCarthy’s Downfall McCarthy had lost the power to arouse fear. “Have you no sense of decency?”Newspaper headlines repeated, “Have you no sense of decency?” censureLater that year the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval against McCarthy- one of the most serious criticism it can level against a member. His influence gone, McCarthy faded from public view. He died in 1957 at the age of 48, a broken and embittered man.

136. 135 The Power of the “Big Lie.”

137. 136 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb The Red Scare and the spread of nuclear weapons had a profound impact on life in the 1950s. hydrogen bombH-bombAlready upset by the first Soviet atomic test in 1949, Americans were shocked when the USSR again, successfully tested the much more powerful hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb in 1953. This was less than a year after the U.S. had tested its own H-bomb. Between 1946-1962 the U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada. Between 1946-1962 the U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada.

138. 137 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb A page from an U.S. Army training pamphlet.

139. 138 What did Hollywood claim all those nuclear tests had created?

140. 139 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb American students prepared for a surprise Soviet attack. Schools set aside special areas as bomb shelters. In bomb drills, students learned to duck under their desks, turn away from the windows, and cover their heads with their hands. duck-and-coverThese “duck-and-cover” actions were supposed to protect them from a nuclear bomb blast.

141. 140 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb Duck-and-CoverWhile “Duck-and-Cover” might make people feel safe, it would not protect them from nuclear radiation. falloutExperts predicted that for every person killed by the nuclear blast, four more would die later from fallout, the radiation left over after the blast. fallout sheltersTo protect themselves, some families built backyard fallout shelters, and stocked them with canned food.

142. 141 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb

143. 142 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb This chart purported to show the various levels of radioactivity that could be expected following a widespread nuclear attack. This chart purported to show the various levels of radioactivity that could be expected following a widespread nuclear attack.

144. 143 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb

145. 144 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb

146. 145 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb What does the “bomb” have in common with the bikini bathing suit?

147. 146 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb In 1946, French engineer Louis Reard and fashion designer Jacques Heim invented the first modern bikini bathing suit. They named it after the Bikini Atoll Islands, site of a series of American nuclear weapon’s tests. They said the burst of excitement the bikini would cause would be like a nuclear bomb exploding. Viva la France!

148. 147 Life During the Early Cold War: Facing the Bomb America Unprecedented economic prosperity and optimism. McCarthyism, fears of communist spies, and the threat of an atomic attack. Anxiety!! For the upcoming 1952 elections, Americans were looking for a leader that would make them feel secure.

149. 148 Eisenhower’s Policies By the end of 1952, many Americans were ready for a change in leadership. Many Americans believed that Truman’s foreign policy was not working. The Soviet Union had the “bomb”, consolidated it’s hold on Eastern Europe, China had fallen to Communism, and American troops had to fight to defend South Korea. Election night 1952.

150. 149 Eisenhower’s Policies Tired of criticism and uncertain he could win, Truman decided not to run again. Adlai StevensonThe Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson, governor of Illinois. Dwight D. EisenhowerThe Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, the general who had organized the D-Day invasion. Despite Stevenson’s charming personality and skilled speech making, he was no match against a national hero who had helped win WWII.

151. 150 Eisenhower’s Policies Americans were looking for someone they could trust to lead the nation in its Cold War struggle against communism. Eisenhower won in a landslide.

152. 151 Eisenhower’s Policies: “More Bang for the Buck” Eisenhower was convinced that the key to victory in the Cold War was not simply military might but also a strong economy. The U.S. had to show the world that free enterprise could produce a better and more prosperous society than communism. At the same time prosperity would prevent Communists from gaining support in the U.S.

153. 152 Eisenhower’s Policies: “More Bang for the Buck” As a professional soldier, Eisenhower knew the costs associated with a large- scale conventional (non nuclear) war. Preparing for that kind of war would cost far too much money. New LookAs a result, Eisenhower declared a “New Look” in defense policy was needed. must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms.Instead of maintaining a large and expensive army, the nation “must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms.” gave more bang for the buck.Nuclear weapons, he said, gave, “gave more bang for the buck.”

154. 153 Eisenhower’s Policies: Massive Retaliation The Korean War had convinced Eisenhower that the U.S. could not contain communism by fighting a series of small wars. Such wars were unpopular and too expensive. Instead, they had to be prevented from happening in the first place. The best way to do this was threaten to use nuclear weapons if a Communist country tried to seize territory by force.

155. 154 Eisenhower’s Policies: Massive Retaliation This policy came to be called massive retaliation.This policy came to be called massive retaliation.

156. 155 Eisenhower’s Policies: Massive Retaliation The new policy allowed Eisenhower to cut military spending from $50 billion to $34 billion. He did this by cutting back the Army, which required a lot of money to maintain. At the same time, he increased America’s nuclear arsenal from about 1,000 bombs in 1953 to about 18,000 bombs in 1961.

157. 156 Eisenhower’s Policies: The Sputnik Crisis The New Look’s emphasis on nuclear weapons required new technology to deliver them. B-52 bomberIn 1955 the Air Force unveiled the huge B-52 bomber, which was designed to fly across continents and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world. intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM)Eisenhower also began development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) that could deliver bombs anywhere in the world. He also began a program to build submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles.

158. 157 Eisenhower’s Policies: The Sputnik Crisis As the U.S. began to develop long-range nuclear missiles, American were stunned to discover the Soviet Union had already developed their own. SputnikOn Oct. 4 th 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. This technological triumph alarmed American, who took it as a sign that the U.S. was falling behind the Soviet Union in missile technology. put one small ball into the airEisenhower insisted that he was not worried just because the Soviets “put one small ball into the air.” Sputnik on the launch pad.

159. 158 Eisenhower’s Policies: The Sputnik Crisis UFO sightings sky rocketed in the 1950s. War of the Worlds Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor for whom ??

160. 159 Eisenhower’s Policies: The Sputnik Crisis Members of Congress, on the other hand, feared the nation was falling behind in scientific research. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (NASA.)The following year, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, (NASA.) National Defense Education Act, (NDEA)It also passed the National Defense Education Act, (NDEA), which provided funds for education and training in science, math, and foreign languages.

161. 160 Brinkmanship In Action President Eisenhower’s apparent willingness to threaten nuclear war in order to maintain world peace worried some people. brinkmanshipCritics called this brinkmanship- the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down. Several times President Eisenhower felt compelled to threaten nuclear war during a crisis.

162. 161 Brinkmanship In Action A nuclear game of chicken!

163. 162 Brinkmanship In Action: The Korean War Ends Weeks after his election, President Eisenhower fulfilled a campaign promise to visit the American soldiers in Korea. Eisenhower was convinced that the ongoing war was costing too many lives and bringing few victories. under circumstances of our own choosingThe president then quietly let the Chinese know that the U.S. might continue the Korean War, “under circumstances of our own choosing”- a hint at nuclear attack.

164. 163 Brinkmanship In Action: The Korean War Ends The threat to go to the brink of nuclear war seemed to work. In July, 1953 negotiators signed an armistice. The battle line between the two sides, which was very near the prewar boundary, became the border between North Korea and South Korea. demiltaterized zoneDMZA “demiltaterized zone” (DMZ) separated them. There was no victory, but at least the war stopped the spread of communism in Korea- the goal of containment. American troops are still based in Korea, helping South Korea defend its borders.

165. 164 Brinkmanship In Action: The Korean War Ends

166. 165 The National Korean War Memorial

167. 166

168. 167

169. 168 “Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met.”

170. 169 Brinkmanship In Action: The Taiwan Crisis Shortly after the war ended, a new crisis erupted in Asia. Although the Chinese Communists had taken power in mainland China, the Chinese Nationalists still controlled Taiwan and several smaller islands along China’s coast. In the fall of 1954, China threatened to seize two of the islands from the Nationalists.

171. 170 Brinkmanship In Action: The Taiwan Crisis anticommunist barrierEisenhower saw Taiwan as part of the “anticommunist barrier” in Asia. When China began shelling the islands and announced that Taiwan would soon be liberated, Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize the use of force to defend Taiwan.

172. 171 Brinkmanship In Action: The Taiwan Crisis Eisenhower then warned the Chinese that any attempt to invade Taiwan would be resisted by American naval forces stationed nearby. He also hinted that they would use nuclear weapons to stop an invasion. Soon afterward, China backed down.

173. 172 Fighting Communism Covertly President Eisenhower relied on brinkmanship on several occasions, but he knew it could not prevent Communists from staging a revolution within countries. Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA.)To prevent Communist uprisings in other countries, Eisenhower decided to use covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA.)

174. 173 Fighting Communism Covertly: Containment in Developing Nations developing nationsMany of the CIA’s operations took place in developing nations- nations with primarily agricultural economies. Many of these countries blamed European imperialism and American capitalism for their problems. American officials feared that these countries leaders might align their nations with the Soviet Union or even stage a Communist revolution.

175. 174 Fighting Communism Covertly: Containment in Developing Nations One way to prevent developing nations from moving into the Communist camp was to offer them financial aide. Where the threat of Communism was greater, the CIA staged covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them with pro- American leaders.

176. 175 Fighting Communism Covertly: Iran and Guatemala Two examples of covert operations that achieved American objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala. Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh Shah (king) of Iran.In 1953, pro- Communist Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh attempted to overthrow the pro-American Shah (king) of Iran. America quickly sent agents to organize street riots and arrange a coup that ousted Mossadegh, and returned the Shah to power. Mohammed Mossadegh The Shah and his wife, 1953.

177. 176 Fighting Communism Covertly: Iran and Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz GuzmanIn 1951, pro-Communist Jacobo Arbenz Guzman became elected as the new president of Guatemala. He quickly took over large estates of land owned some of which were owned by the American-owned United Fruit Company. In 1954, Communist Czechoslovakia supplied Guatemala with weapons. The CIA responded by arming the Guatemala opposition and trained them at secret camps in Nicaragua and Honduras. Shortly after these CIA-trained forces invaded Guatemala and forced Guzman from office.

178. 177 Continuing Tensions Nikita KhrushchevBy 1956, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin had died. we will bury capitalism…Your grandchildren will live under communismIn 1957, after the launch of Sputnik, Khrushchev boasted “we will bury capitalism…Your grandchildren will live under communism.”

179. 178 Continuing Tensions In late 1958, Khrushchev demanded that the Allies withdraw their troops from West Berlin. The U.S. rejected the Soviets demands by announcing that NATO would respond with military force if necessary to defend West Berlin.

180. 179 Continuing Tensions To try and improve relations, Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the U.S. in late 1959. summitThe visit went well, and the two leaders agreed to meet in Paris in 1960 for a summit- a formal face-to- face meeting to discuss important issues.

181. 180 Continuing Tensions U-2 spy plane Francis Gary Powers.Shortly before the summit was to begin, the Soviet Union shot down the American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers. At first, Eisenhower claimed the aircraft was a weather plane that had accidentally strayed off course. Then Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot. Soviet photo of captured Gary Powers. Sentenced to ten years of hard labor.

182. 181 Continuing Tensions Eisenhower refused to apologize saying the flights had protected American security. In response Khrushchev broke up the summit.

183. 182 Continuing Tensions In this climate of heightened tension, President Eisenhower prepared to leave office. In January, 1961, he delivered a farewell address to the nation. In his speech, he pointed out that a new relationship had developed between the military and the defense industry. military-industrial complexHe warned Americans to be on guard against the immense influence of this military-industrial complex in a democracy.

184. 183 Continuing Tensions Although he had avoided war and kept communism contained, Eisenhower admitted to some frustration. “I confess I lay down my official responsibility in this field with a definite sense of disappointment…I wish I could say that a lasting peace is in sight.”

185. 184 Questions?