1. Teaching learning methods Dr. Umed V Patel Associate Professor Dept. of Community Medicine, PDU Government Medical College, Rajkot 1

2. At the end of session learners should be able to 1.To understand various types teaching learning methods 2

3. Do you know various teaching-learning methods? 3

4. 4 TG R PTWORKSHOPL SU METP D TLFIELDVISIT PS ACEH NTUMS ELSUIE LESKNJ DCIEAA ITOSNR SUNUHUMED CRNKP UESAA SYEM STMLA IUPIL NOITARTSOMEDN NOSG RI IU AM L

5. 5 TG R PTWORKSHOPL SU METP D TLFIELDVISIT PS ACEH NTUMS ELSUIE LESKNJ DCIEAA ITOSNR SUNUHUMED CRNKP UESAA SYEM STMLA IUPIL NOITARTSOMEDN NOSG RI IU AM L

6. SrMain Domain Common T-L methods 1Cognitive (Knowledge) Lecture, Tutorial-Clinical tutorial (Bedside clinic), Seminar, Symposium, Integrated teaching, Workshop, Panel Discussion, Group Discussion, 2Affective (Attitude) Role Play, Field Visit, Video play, Counseling, 3Psychomotor (Skill) Hands of experience (Learning by doing), Demonstration, Learning on dummy/cadaver/manikin Classification of Teaching Learning methods by learning domain 6

7. SrGroup SizeCommon T-L methods 1Large groupLecture, Panel Discussion, Symposium, Integrated Teaching 2 Small group Tutorial-Clinical tutorial (Bedside clinic), Seminar, Workshop, Demonstration, Group Discussion, Field visit, 3 Individual group Counseling, project work, Assignment, self study Classification of Teaching Learning methods based on Group Size 7

8. T-L Methods for Large group 8

9. 9 1. Lecture

10. T-L Methods for Large group 1.Lecture: It is careful presentation of facts with organized thoughts and ideas by a qualified person. Lectures are used to teach new knowledge and skills, and stimulate further work and learning. It is one of the common method of teaching. Benefits of Lectures Lecturing is effective way of providing information Lectures is cost effective for large audience. 10

11. Disadvantages of Lectures There is no guarantee that effective learning will result. Lecture is a passive activity. Lectures are not an effective method for changing attitudes It may allow little active audience participation. 11

12. 12 How to deliver the lecture

13. Well prepare the subject and rehearse few times Refer recent development in the subject Get familiar with lecture room, its environment, audio visual systems Begin to arouse interest e.g. imagination in your mind after listening the word Malaria Have you suffered from malaria? Have you read in News paper or heard or seen in TV..? Present aims and objectives 13

14. Do not speak to fast – 100 wpm. Be clearly audible. Write legibly Vary pace and loudness to avoid monotony Appear confident, look at the learners and establish non- verbal contact Assess learners response and react accordingly Ask questions in between Use handouts or chalk board or Audio visual media to add interest 14

15. Recognize limitation of time Avoid too much of material Present summary at the end Allow questions at the end and get feedback from learners Don ’ t just read from notes. ENJOY TEACHING 15

16. General lecture plan 1.Greet the audience then introduce the subject with overview: ○ Describe the purpose of the lecture ○ Arouse the interest with some known facts… ○ Outline the key areas to be covered 16

17. 2 First key point ○ Show key point ○ Use of examples ○ Give detail of this key points 3 Second key point ○ Show key point ○ Use of examples ○ Give detail of this key point 4..... 5. Summary and conclusion 6. Questions from audience and answers 7. Feedback 8. Thanks 17

18. Example of a lecture titled “ Hypertension ” 1 Introduction and overview: ○ Explain objectives and key points to be covered  The nature and extent of the problem What is hypertension and its causes Complications Investigation Treatment 18

19. 2. Arouse interest with questions like i). Can you memorize any of your family members /relatives having hypertension? ii). Have you examined a case of Hypertension in OPD? iii). Have you seen a case of stroke in ward? iv). Do you know Hypertension can occur during pregnancy? 19

20. 3. First key point: The Problem Hypertension leads to significant morbidity/mortality ( give actual statistics) 10-25% adult population have hypertension but often undiagnosed or ineffectively treated (explain actual numbers of cases in India and per family) Treatment reduces morbidity/mortality (Show some statistics) 20

21. 3.Second key point: What is Hypertension Definition (WHO & other association definition) Multi-factorial (various factors) Types (Essential and secondary) Causes of secondary hypertension 4.Sign & Symptoms of Hypertension 5.Treatment of Hypertension 6. …… 7... Summary summarize main points and emphasis on key points 8. Allow questions from audience. 9. Get feedback & suggestions from audience 10. Thanks to audience 21

22. 2. Symposium: It is a series of speeches given by 2-5 experts on various aspects of a topic under chair person. Talk should be 10-25 minutes for each speaker. There is no discussion between speakers. Audience is passive except at question time towards the end. e.g. Malaria: Epidemiology (PSM), lab methods (Pathologist), clinical part(Physician), Field situation (CDHO), National Health programme (DMO) etc. 22

23. Advantages: 1). Presentation of new ideas by various experts 2). Short speeches and changes in speakers maintain interest and help keep audience alert. Disadvantage: 1). Passive audience Scope as a T-L method: When expert overview of many aspects of a subject has to be conveyed to a large group, symposium is effective 23

24. 3. Integrated Teaching: This is same as symposium but integrated teaching is usually done within institute with different subject experts giving talk in logical sequence to a particular topic to students. e.g.Malaria: Epidemiology (PSM), Lab methods (Pathologist), Adult treatment (Physician), Paediatric treatment(Paediatrician), Prevention and Control (PSM) etc. 24

25. 4. Panel Discussion: 4 or 5 persons who have special knowledge sit with a moderator in front of audience; they hold an orderly and logical conversation on an assigned topic. Moderator ask to present ideas of specific panalist as per the plan or need. Advantages: 1). Panel identifies and explores a sensitive issue 2). Audience can understand various aspects of the problem or issue. 3). Frequent change of speaker and viewpoint maintains attention and interest of the audience. 25

26. Disadvantage: 1). Panelist may not cover all aspects of problem and may overemphasize only certain aspects of it. 2). Skilled moderator is necessary to ensure logical and balanced coverage by the panel. 3). Audience is passive (unless some question-time is permitted) 26

27. T-L Methods for Small Group 27

28. 28 1. Tutorials

29. Small group of learners are guided by a teacher to help clear doubts, improve understanding and enhance knowledge of the subject. Tutorials can be delivered in small groups or on a one-to- one basis. 29

30. 30 Advantage: 1). Communication is a two way process. 2). Helps to discover and correct mistakes 3). Tutorials can provide opportunity for checking progress of individual student, identifying difficulties of students 4). Tutorials can be used in support of lecture to helps for more clarification, questions, integration of theory and practical. 5). Tutorials can allow students to develop their skills in solving problems or understanding how to tackle a problem.

31. Disadvantages: 1). The tutor may be having a dominant role and over- directional. 2). One-to-one tutorials can put psychological pressure on students 3). Lack of preparation/experience by tutor to tackle student questions/problems 31

32. 2. Seminar: Group of persons engaged in advanced study of a subject (or research) meet under the general direction of an expert. This is one kind of an in-depth study/learning. The number of students is normally between 8 and 20. Often seminars are used at postgraduate level providing a forum for presenting research findings/new topics to a critical group of academicians and peers. 32

33. Advantage: 1) in-depth discussion Disadvantage :1). Difficulty in getting resource person 2). The authority, if dominant, may inhibit the participation by some members of the group. 3). Seminars may result in a mini-lecture. Scope as a T/L method: Whenever a suitable resource person is available for the guidance of advanced learners (PG trainers, research scholars etc.) then seminar is an ideal method for an intensive in-depth learning of the subject. 33

34. 3. Workshop: A series of meeting during which experienced persons come together with experts (facilitator) to find solutions to problems. There is an interaction and exchange of information/ideas between group members. Advantage: Active involvement by each participant who works individually within the group and learns from experience &/or exercise. Disadvantage: A lot of group work and initial preparation is needed to make workshop effective and successful. 34

35. 4. Demonstration: Teacher performs some operation and student watch. Teacher first explain the matter and then perform the operation in step by step manner. Teacher should get down to the level of learner. Teacher should reinforce key point. Repetition of whole act helps to large extent. 35

36. 5. Field visit: Visit of student are arrange at remote place or at place where specific work is done. Advantage: 1). Active learning process 2). Permits evaluations of all three domains 3). Bridges gap between theoretical knowledge and practical reality. 4). Feedback on real situation can be shared with authority Disadvantage: 1). High cost 36

37. 37 Learning retention

38. Conclusion No single method is fool proof. Combination is required to cover all kind of learning domain. 38

39. 39 Thank You