1. US Army RDECOM: Power and Energy (and Hydrogen Technologies)
Dr. C.G. Michael Quah
(ex) US Army RDECOM Power & Energy IPT Chair
and CERDEC Fuel Cell Team Leader
[with help from Harold Sanborn & Bill Haris, RDECOM/TARDEC]

2. The 10,000 ft. view The Military:
a big energy consumer (> 150 Trillion CONUS installations alone; 1.8% of total national fuel consumption)
currently focused on and involved in Alternative Energy developments (including H2 technologies)
will lead where fuel and application meet mission requirements, and follow in all others
represents a breadth of application opportunities (for Alternative Energy)
interested and actively involved in H2 and leaning forward

3. DoD Fuel Consumption
Data from JASONS report, September 2006

4. DoD Fuel Consumption (2)
Other Govt: 7.5%
U.S.
Non Gov’t
98.1%
Gov’t 1.9%
% of 20.5M bbl/day US petroleum consumption (861M gal/day)[DOE]
Gov’t
% of U.S. government petroleum consumption [DOE]
DoD: 92.5% AF
4.4%
Other
4.2%
Trainers
30.1%
Fighters
7.1%
Bombers
54.2%
Mobility:
Tankers + Transports
% of AF fuel consumed by aircraft type (FY98-04)
Marines+other: 1%
Army: 9%
DoD
AF: 57%
($2.84B, 2.8B gal)
Source: BJ White-Olsen, SAF/FM
Navy: 33%
% of DESC petroleum purchases FY04 ($4.96B). Includes nat gas + missile fuels, but they are ~2% of total.
References:
1) DOE Annual Energy Review, Aug 2005 (available on-line).
2) DESC FY04 Fact Book (available on-line)
NOTE! FY04 JP-8=$0.91/gal. FY06=$2.14/gal

5. The Air Force & Syn-fuels
Secretary of the Air Force request: Demonstration of F-T fuel in manned Air Force aircraft this summer
Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) is lead organization
AFMC to define steps after demo
Recently, the SECAF requested that a demonstration of F-T fuel in manned Air Force aircraft be conducted by end of fiscal year This will serve to demonstrate a willingness by the AF to purchase and use significant quantities of F-T derived fuel and to stimulate the development of the industrial capability to produce F-T in large quantity.
The next steps beyond the demo are under consideration by the leadership.
CTC as Support Contractor to the Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL
Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited AFRL-WS

6. Energy & Environmental Sustainability
The goals of the Army's energy and water management program are to:
Eliminate/Reduce energy waste in existing facilities
Increase energy efficiency in new/renovated construction
Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Conserve water resources
Improve energy security
The Presidential Executive Order of January 24, 2007
Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management

7. Stationary / Base Power Vehicle Power (Propulsion / APU) Soldier Power
The Army & TRADOC Pam (July 1, 2005)
Stationary / Base Power
FOC-08-04: Installations as our Flagships …
Increased OPTEMPO, modular agile units, the diversity of the Army family, and increased flexibility to adapt to
InterConnects
Vehicle Power (Propulsion / APU)
rapidly changing functional / operational needs supportability are placing significant demands on the capabilities and capacities of installations from a warfighter perspective.
InterConnects
Soldier Power
Strategic Responsiveness & Deployability

8. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66 FOC-08-04: Installations as our Flagships
Capstone Capabilities.
The role of installation is shifting to continuous support from home station to foxhole.
These capabilities apply to our permanent installations at home and abroad, as well as to those that support expeditionary and contingency activities.
In addition or adjunct to installation natural and built infrastructure needs inculcated into the other FOCs, the following encompasses those focused capabilities most critical to achieving required installation support for the Army:
Provide Power Projection
Maintain Readiness
Maintain Quality of Life
References

9. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-66 FOC-09-03: Power and Energy
Capstone Capabilities.
Improve both strategic responsiveness and core warfighting abilities to effectively fight as an integral component of a joint, interdependent, full spectrum, mission-tailored force,
Optimize combat effectiveness via consumption reduction, alternative generation, management, and distribution of power and energy across the force, for all systems -- automotive, electrical and soldier.

10. Stationary / Base Power Vehicle Power (Propulsion / APU)
The Army & TRADOC Pam (July 1, 2005)
Stationary / Base Power
Administrative/CONUS
* Distributed-Stationary-Backup Power
* Administrative/GSA Vehicles
* MHE/GSE (forklift, tug, handtruck, etc)
InterConnects
Vehicle Power (Propulsion / APU)
InterConnects
Soldier Power

11. AMSAA
SOSI
FAST
ICPA
STTC
ARL / ARO
Natick Soldier Center
CERDEC
TARDEC
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
AMRDEC
ARDEC

12. Potential Power Solutions
Advanced Disposable Batteries
Lithium Ion Pouch/Polymer Batteries
Fuel Cells
Stirling Engines
Flexible Solar Panels
Metal-Air Batteries
Advanced Internal-Combustion Generators
Soldier & Sensor Power
Battery Recharging
Auxiliary Power Units
Fuel Reforming
Component R&D
Vehicle Applications

13. Examples Protonex Portable Power Systems UltraCell Micro Fuel Cell
Voller Energy Remote Battery Charger
SMART Fuel Cell
(DMFC - SFC C20-MP)
MTI Micro Prototype (DMFC)

14. Soldier and Sensor Power
CERDEC Focus Areas
Fort Belvoir, VA
Soldier and Sensor Power
(0-100W)
Battery Charging
( W)
Auxiliary Power Units
(500W-10kW)
Goal: Transition Technology to areas where it is needed most.

15. Soldier Power Efforts
Fuel Cells will be a battery alternative, NOT an across-the-board battery replacement.
Soldier systems will be hybrids for optimum power and energy; redundancy is also critical.
Resupply every 24 hours is the current norm and may not change near term. Fuel cells look better for longer durations.
Practical hydrogen sources/storage have not yet been demonstrated; methanol is the leading candidate fuel.
Some electronic equipment may demand fuel cells for effective use; using 4-6 large batteries per day is not acceptable.

16. Future Army Goals
Target Products from CERDEC and TARDEC Science and Technology Objectives (FY05-FY08)
Fuel Desulfurization System
20kW fuel cell
600 hour service interval
5 kW Quiet Power/Cooling System
JP-8 fueled
50% fuel savings
FY 08
2kW Quiet Power Source
<150 kgs total system weight
JP-8 fueled
Noise 69 dBA
Validate 20 kW APU
Heavy Hydrocarbon low sulfur fuel
Density: 90 kW/m3
Efficiency: 45%
250W Manportable Field Charger
JP-8 fueled
<10kgs total system weight
20W Hybrid Power Source
Packaged fuel
700 hrs
1.5 lbs “dry” system weight
Demo Improved Soldier Suite Processors
75% savings over current power levels

17. TARDEC H2 Mobility Applications
Auxiliary Power Units
TARDEC (Research) Fuel Cell APUs
NAC (Demonstration) Propulsion/Stationary Fuel Cells
Fueling and Infrastructure
Vehicle Propulsion

18. Addressing H2 Technology Barriers
A key to reaching DOE’s 2020 goal for fuel cell vehicles to compete in the marketplace, will be breakthroughs in hydrogen storage for transportation vehicles
TARDEC / NAC offers opportunities to demonstrate innovative technologies in this area to overcome barriers
DOE Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan, February 2005
Within the DOE’s Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy, several critical path barriers were identified. Among these barriers is hydrogen storage. Currently, storage systems are inadequate to meet customer driving range expectations of >300 miles without impacting vehicle cargo or passenger space.

19. Inter-Agency Coordination
Examples of TARDEC / NAC collaborations with other military services/labs/installations, DOE, DOT, academia and most importantly commercial technology providers
(H2 Storage and other H2 Technologies)
NAC/USMA/GM fuel cell vehicle (compressed storage)
NAC/Quantum hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles (compressed storage)
NAC/DOE Hyundai hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (compressed storage)
NAC/Defense Logistics Agency/ECD Ovonics metal hydride storage
NAC/AFRL/Sierra Lobo liquid hydrogen storage
NAC/Defense Logistics Agency/Ballard on fuel cell material handling equipment (compressed/NiMH)
NAC/Construction Engineering Research Laboratory on PEM fuel cells for critical back up power
NAC/Air Force on advanced technology vehicles

20. Advanced Energy Initiative From Base Station to Foxhole….
Insert Technologies
Soldier
New Technology
Gen Sets
Vehicle
VAC
VDC
Wind
Intelligent Power
Management
VDC
VAC
CONDITIONING COMMS STORAGE DIAGNOSTICS PROGNOSTICS
TOC
VAC/VDC
Solar
VDC
VAC
VAC/VDC
VDC
Microgrid
Forward Base / Camp
WTE
Biomass
Combined Heat & Power
VAC/VDC
Fuel Cells
HVAC
Installation
Heat
Heat
Slide from P&E IPT

21. Advanced Energy Platform Focus
Advanced Energy Initiative From Base Station to Foxhole….
Advanced Energy Platform Focus
Insert Technologies
Soldier
New Technology
Energy Surety
Energy Efficiency
Reduced Fuel Consumption
Reduced Logistics
Gen Sets
Vehicle
VAC
VDC
Wind
Intelligent Power
Management
VDC
VAC
CONDITIONING COMMS STORAGE DIAGNOSTICS PROGNOSTICS
TOC
VAC/VDC
Solar
VDC
VAC
VAC/VDC
VDC
Microgrid
Forward Base / Camp
WTE
Biomass
Combined Heat & Power
VAC/VDC
Fuel Cells
HVAC
Installation
Hydrogen Technologies as ONE contributor in Integrated Systems for Base Power Security
Heat
Heat
Slide from P&E IPT

22. Technology Development Process
DOE
Basic and Applied R&D
Demonstration/
Early Adopter
Spin Offs
Industry
Commercial
Industrial
Base
ManTech for:
Infrastructure
Limited Prod Buys
DOD
Industry
Development
Broad Military Production Base
Industry/Gov Agency Interactions
Cross-cutting exposure across all alternative energy sectors
--- Applications (Industry and NGO)
--- Standards (DOE, DOT)
--- Safety (DOT, State/Local, Fire, NGO)
--- Policy (Congress, DOE, DOT, EPA, States, NGO)
--- Early Adopter/Outreach/Education (All, NGO)

23. Playing with the Military
Early Adopter Role
Controlled Facilities
Large Fleets
Base to Battlefield Approach
Issues Facing the Early Adopter
Interoperability
Striking the Balance Between Full Evaluation and Early Development (Liability Issues)
Station Access: FC OEM linked?
Stations / NO vehicles, Vehicles / NO stations
Multiple Sources of Fuel to Produce H2
Compressed H2
Liquified H2
Methanol
Reformation (JP8, Natural Gas)
Electrolysis

24. RDECOM Power and Energy IPT Approach
Army Energy Strategy for Installations: 07/08/05
“…the Army will leverage emerging technologies and make use of
available capabilities from the private sector and Army Laboratories.”
Stakeholders
Soldier
Ground
Camps/Forward Bases
Tactical Operation Centers
Command Posts
Installations
Installations
Advanced Portable
Power Sources
Waste to
Energy
Vehicle-Soldier
Battery
Chargers
Technologies
Advanced Mobile Power
Sources
Technology
Demonstration
Center(s)
[systems]
Photovoltaics
SYSTEM INTEGRATION
Wind Power
System /
Technology
Development
Programs
Fuel Cells/APUs
Gas to Liquids
Vehicle Powered
Command Post
On-Board “Exportable”
Vehicle Power
Capabilities
Bio-Fuels
New Innovations
Benefits
- Force Projection Mgmt.
- Energy Efficiency
Power & Energy
Systems Integration
Spiral Insertion
of New Technologies
SANG Example
Prototype 21st
Century Base)
Enabling Systems
- M & S
- Sensors
- Controls
Control Software
Distribution Architecture
Slide modified from Harold Sanborn, TARDEC