1. Interviewing The art of productive listening

2. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose (Lindloff and Taylor, 2011, pp. 170-175).

3. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose – Understanding the subject’s experience and perspective through stories, accounts, and explanations

4. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose – Understanding the subject’s experience and perspective through stories, accounts, and explanations – Learning the language forms used by the subject

5. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose – Understanding the subject’s experience and perspective through stories, accounts, and explanations – Learning the language forms used by the subject – Gathering information about things that cannot be observed otherwise

6. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose – Understanding the subject’s experience and perspective through stories, accounts, and explanations – Learning the language forms used by the subject – Gathering information about things that cannot be observed otherwise – Verifying and validating information obtained otherwise

7. Interviewing A conversation with a purpose – Understanding the subject’s experience and perspective through stories, accounts, and explanations – Learning the language forms used by the subject – Gathering information about things that cannot be observed otherwise – Verifying and validating information obtained otherwise – Learning about the pas (oral history)

8. Interviewing Strive to find a protected time and a protected place (in which the subject won’t get interrupted, distracted, or anxious).

9. Interviewing Ask for permission to record the interview

10. Interviewing Ask for permission to record the interview -Be sure to avoid technical problems and don’t draw attention to the recording device.

11. Interviewing If your interview will be Computer mediated, consider the virtues and problems of synchronous (chat, skype) and asynchronous (email) approaches.

12. Rapport Develop some rapport and strive to make the subject feel comfortable and free to speak.

13. Rapport Introduction: “I am studying X. I’d like to learn how (or others in your group) think and feel about these topics. There is no right or wrong response to these questions. Please express your views in your own words. I have a set of questions that I’d like to cover in the time we have. Take as much time as you need to answer questions and feel free to bring up questions or issues that are relevant, but maybe I simply didn’t know enough to ask.”

14. Rapport Focus (From Stewart, 218-235):

15. Rapport Focus: -Posture: face the subject and make natural and appropriate eye contact -Move responsively and make responsive sounds

16. Rapport Focus: -Posture: face the subject and make natural and appropriate eye contact -Move responsively and make responsive sounds -Practice “presentness”

17. Rapport Focus: Encourage:

18. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example?

19. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example? -Mirror: repeating a key word or phrase with a questioning tone to encourage the other to elaborate.

20. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example? -Mirror: repeating a key word or phrase with a questioning tone to encourage the other to elaborate. -Ask a clarifying question: When you say that… do you mean x?

21. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example? -Mirror: repeating a key word or phrase with a questioning tone to encourage the other to elaborate. -Ask a clarifying question: When you say that… do you mean x? -Ask an open-question: How do you feel about X (rather than “Do you think that Y is the case about X”).

22. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example? -Mirror: repeating a key word or phrase with a questioning tone to encourage the other to elaborate. -Ask a clarifying question: When you say that… do you mean x? -Ask an open-question: How do you feel about X (rather than “Do you think that Y is the case about X”). -Paraphrase: Restate the subjects meaning in your own words to check accuracy

23. Rapport Focus: Encourage: -Pull talk from the other person: could you say more about that? Could you elaborate? Could you give an example? -Mirror: repeating a key word or phrase with a questioning tone to encourage the other to elaborate. -Ask a clarifying question: When you say that… do you mean x? -Ask an open-question: How do you feel about X (rather than “Do you think that Y is the case about X”). -Paraphrase: Restate the subjects meaning in your own words to check accuracy -Avoid “Why” questions.

24. Interview Schedule

25. Start with some open, broad questions. Deal with specifics and any difficult questions in the middle. End on a positive note and offer a “cool down” conclusion at the end. Consider writing about 20 questions for an hour long interview.

26. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions

27. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions -Tour questions: Can you give me a sketch about how you got involved with X?

28. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions -Tour questions: Can you give me a sketch about how you got involved with X? Are there some stand-out moments or memories of X?

29. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions -Tour questions: Can you give me a sketch about how you got involved with X? Are there some stand-out moments or memories of X? -Probing questions (ask for more detail): Can you tell me more about that? I bet you were surprised when she said that. Wow, how did you respond?

30. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions -Tour questions: Can you give me a sketch about how you got involved with X? Are there some stand-out moments or memories of X? -Probing questions (ask for more detail): Can you tell me more about that? I bet you were surprised when she said that. Wow, how did you respond? -Example or instance: Can you give me an example of a time when X?

31. Interview Schedule Opening, non-directive questions -Tour questions: Can you give me a sketch about how you got involved with X? Are there some stand-out moments or memories of X? -Probing questions (ask for more detail): Can you tell me more about that? I bet you were surprised when she said that. Wow, how did you respond? -Example or instance: Can you give me an example of a time when X? -Native language questions: Can you explain what you mean when you say X?

32. Interview Schedule Directed questions

33. Interview Schedule Directed questions -Structural questions: How does the subject organize his or her knowledge or experience? Are there different kinds of X?

34. Interview Schedule Directed questions -Structural questions: How does the subject organize his or her knowledge or experience? Are there different kinds of X? -Compare-contrast: What are the key differences between x and y? What is the best vs. worst; effective vs. ineffective.

35. Interview Schedule Directed questions -Structural questions: How does the subject organize his or her knowledge or experience? Are there different kinds of X? -Compare-contrast: What are the key differences between x and y? What is the best vs. worst; effective vs. ineffective. -Emergent idea: Here’s how I see it; What do you think?

36. Interview Schedule Directed questions -Structural questions: How does the subject organize his or her knowledge or experience? Are there different kinds of X? -Compare-contrast: What are the key differences between x and y? What is the best vs. worst; effective vs. ineffective. -Emergent idea: Here’s how I see it; What do you think?

37. Interview Schedule Directed questions -Structural questions: How does the subject organize his or her knowledge or experience? Are there different kinds of X? -Compare-contrast: What are the key differences between x and y? What is the best vs. worst; effective vs. ineffective. -Emergent idea: Here’s how I see it; What do you think? -Devil’s advocate question: Ask the subject to respond to those who are skeptical of their identity, knowledge, etc. What would you say to those who think that X is just a Y?

38. Interview Schedule Finishing up:

39. Interview Schedule Finishing up: - Only ask sensitive questions after you’ve established a good rapport (and have gotten everything else you were hoping for?)

40. Interview Schedule Finishing up: -Only ask sensitive questions after you’ve established a good rapport (and have gotten everything else you were hoping for?) -Tie up loose ends: “I’d like to ask you about something you mentioned earlier”

41. Interview Schedule Finishing up: -Only ask sensitive questions after you’ve established a good rapport (and have gotten everything else you were hoping for?) -Tie up loose ends: “I’d like to ask you about something you mentioned earlier” -Give the subject an opening: Is there anything we’ve missed that you’d like to mention?

42. Interview Schedule Finishing up: -Only ask sensitive questions after you’ve established a good rapport (and have gotten everything else you were hoping for?) -Tie up loose ends: “I’d like to ask you about something you mentioned earlier” -Give the subject an opening: Is there anything we’ve missed that you’d like to mention? -Note: Sometimes interesting things are said after the “official” end of the interview.