1. Describe the symptoms, causes, and treatments of: Female infertility Ovarian Cysts Breast Cancer Human Papillomavirus

2. The cause of about 1/3 of infertility of couples Diagnosed after a couple cannot get pregnant after a year of trying Can be caused by many factors

3. Associated w/ hormonal imbalances Result from altered function of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or ovaries Typically after long use of birth control pill Structural abnormalities Small or bicornuate uterus

4. Obstruction of fallopian tubes Scar tissue or endometriosis Access of viable sperm Change in vaginal pH Due to infection or douches Excessively thick cervical mucus Development of antibodies in female to particular sperm Smoking by male or female

6. For hormonal causes: Fertility drugs artificially supplement hormones which trigger follicle maturation For obstructive disorders: Surgery can correct blockages

7. Artificial Insemination Intrauterine Insemination Healthy sperm are placed inside the uterus at the time of ovulation In Vitro Fertilization Retrieve mature eggs from a female, fertilize them with sperm in a dish in a lab, return them to the uterus to grow

8. Take 3 minutes to write a comparison of female infertility to male infertility in your notes. Be sure to compare both the causes and treatments of infertility.

9. Irregular menstrual periods Pelvic pain during intercourse, before/after menstruation Vomiting

10. Multiple fluid-filled sacs form under serosa that covers ovary An ovarian follicle either doesn’t release its ovum during ovulation or a follicle that has released its ovum produces large amount of estrogen and progesterone.

12. Birth control pills can help reduce the risk of producing cysts in the future Surgery may be necessary if the cyst is growing quickly

13. Major cause of death in women Incidence continues to increase after age of 20 Strong genetic predisposition identification of specific genes related to cancer Hormones also a factor Specifically exposure to high estrogen levels Long period of regular menstrual cycles (early menarche to late menopause) No kids (nulliparily) Delay of 1 st pregnancy Role of exogenous estrogen (birth control pills, supplements) still controversial

14. Initial sign is single, hard, painless nodule Mass is freely movable in early stage, and becomes fixed later Advanced signs Fixed nodule Dimpling of skin Discharge from nipple Change in breast contour Biopsy confirms diagnosis of malignancy

16. Cause is unknown Breast cells begin to rapidly regenerate. The cells accumulate and form a mass.

17. Surgery Lumpectomy Preferred; removal of tumor Mastectomy Sometimes necessary Some lymph nodes removed as well # removed depends on the spread of the tumor cells Impairs draining of lymph; swelling and stiffness of arm common Chemo and radiation Useful for eradicating undetected micrometastases

18. In most cases, the body will eliminate the virus before it can create symptoms Warts on genitals Can lead to cervical cancer

19. The most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States The infection enters through an small abrasion or cut on the upper layer of the skin The virus can be contracted by oral sex as well

20. Over the counter topical ointments (salicylic acid) Surgical removal or freezing with liquid nitrogen