1. WILSON, WAR AND PEACE 10.3 HTTP://MISSRANNSCLASSROOM.WIKISP ACES.COM/HOME+PAGE

2. AMERICAN MOBILIZES Only 200,000 men in service when war was declared + few officers with combat experience! http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i- history/videos/the-us-in-world-war-i

3. AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE German U-boat attacks were a serious issue for merchant ships ∴ Vice Admiral William S. Sims convinced the Br. to try the convoy system – destroyers would escort merchant ships 230-mile barrier of mines

5. THE ALLIES STRUGGLE Russia pulled out of the war in 1917 ∴ Germany shifted to the western front  March 1917: Russian revolutions overthrew Czar Nicholas II and established a democracy  November 1917: Vladimir Lenin and his radical communist followers overthrew the republic and pulled Russia out. March 3, 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war b/w Russia and Germany  War on the eastern front over

6. FIGHTING IN EUROPE When America entered, Allies were worn out and demoralized  America provided fresh troops + spirits John J. Pershing  Led American Expeditionary Force in Europe  Americans began to come in large #s by early 1918 March 1918:  Allied counterattacks + German exhaustion = end to the great German Offensive  Germans and Americans continued to battle but this began to greatly weaken the Germans

7. AMERICAN TROOPS DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES Doughboys: American troops that saw serious activity during the war Alvin York of TN –  American hero, he and 16 other Americans trapped behind enemy line  Able to escape due to Yorks unrelenting fire at the Germans, charged a German position w/ only a pistol  Received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his valiant service 369 th Infantry Regiment: African American troops that received the French Croix de Guerre  Saw the most active duty of any other regiment

8. THE FINAL TOLL -22 million deaths, ½ of them civilians -20 million injured -10 million refugees-$338 Billion -America lost 50,000 from battle, -62,000 from disease, -230,000 wounded

9. THE WAR ENDS Fall of 1918 – German front was collapsing largely due to the added American push German and Austria-Hungary’s armies were exhausted  Desertion, refusal to fight, mutiny ∴ their leaders had to surrender November 11, 1918 – Germany surrendered  “At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends ”  This is Veterans Day

10. WILSON PROMOTES PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY After the war: Exposed that there were secret treaties made about the division of land after the war  Lenin argued that the entire war was a land grab BUT – Wilson sought “peace without victory” in his Fourteen Points Speech  (Response to Lenin charges)  Sought a peace that focused on noble ideals  Not to punish the enemy to harshly  Victors should not be greedy or vengeful

11. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS  1-4 dealt with removal of trade barriers and reduction of military arms of the Central Powers (freedom of seas)  5 th point deals with a system to resolve disputes  6-13 dealt with self-determination  The right for people to decide their own political status and gov’t  14th point dealt with forming the League of Nations:  Group of nations that would  Settle disputes  Protect democracy  Prevent future wars.  League of Nations: “Mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”  American Foreign Policy: Progressive or Isolationist?

12. PEACE CONFERENCE IN VERSAILLES Wilson went himself in place of an American diplomat b/c so important  Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R) left behind although he was a foreign policy expert Angered Republicans but the Europeans loved that he came!

13. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE Held in Versailles w/ the object of creating a peace treaty Unlike Wilson, Allied Powers leaders wanted to severely punish Germany  Insisted Germany make reparations (payment for war damages).  Sought to weaken Germany so it could never threaten Europe like that again  (They did NOT learn from the Congress of Vienna!!!)

14. ALLIED LEADERS REJECT WILSON’S IDEAS David-Lloyd George (Br. Prime Minister) + Geroges Clemenceau (Fr. Priemier) wanted peace and victory  Knew their ppl did too  Skeptical of Wilson overall Clemenceau especially wanted Germany to pay for what it had done to France  Wanted to maintain the colonial status quo and for Germany to return Alsace-Lorriane to France

15. ALLIES CREATE A LEAGUE OF NATIONS Failed proposals:  Freedom of the seas  End to colonization  Free trade  General disarmament Wilson kept fighting for the League of Nations  Wanted countries to be able to peacefully resolve their quarrels  Delegates voted to include it in the treaty

16. TREATY OF VERSAILLES Allies reach an agreement.  Germany  Had to pay reparations  269 billion gold marks (Equivalent today to $393.6 Billion U.S. dollars)  Had to disarm its military.  Accept full responsibility for starting the war.  What is this called?  League of Nations would be formed.  Some ethnic groups would be allowed to form their own Nations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfnEy8FuElc#action=share

18. WILSON FACES TROUBLES AT HOME Can Wilson Sign the Treaty? No, needs the Senate to approve it. Senate was split into 3 groups  Democrats ~ approve the treaty  Irreconcilables ~ didn’t want U.S. in the League of Nations.  Reservationists ~ would approve it if changes were made.  Henry Cabot Lodge – head of reservationists Wilson would not cooperate with the reservationists.  Went on a 22 day campaign through the U.S. traveling 8,000 miles and speaking 32 times trying to gain the publics approval  It was too much for him and he had a stroke and never fully recovered.  Wilson still continued not to compromise with Lodge

19. THE SENATE REJECTS THE VERSAILLES TREATY Wilson leaves office in 1921  Never got the treaty approved by the Senate. The U.S. signs separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany having never joined the League of Nations.  Without the U.S. power the League of Nations would never be able to keep the peace.