1. + What are we learning today?  SC.912.L.14.26  SC.912.L.14.26 – Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.  I will identify the 3 major parts of the brain, the 4 lobes of the cerebrum, and 2 parts of the brain stem:  Cerebrum  frontal lobe  temporal lobe  parietal lobe  occipital lobe  cerebellum  brain stem  pons  medulla oblongata BenchmarkObjectives

2. + The Parts of the Brain Brain Stem (pons + medulla) Cerebrum (4 lobes)

3. + Identify all four lobes of the cerebrum: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital Frontal LobeParietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

4. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name the cerebral lobe

5. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name the cerebral lobe

6. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name the cerebral lobe

7. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name the cerebral lobe

8. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

9. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

10. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

11. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

12. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

13. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

14. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

15. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

16. + Let’s Practice Your Knowledge of Human Brain Anatomy Name this structure of the human brain

17. Name the Parts 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. Which lobe cannot be observed from this view?

18. IMMUNE SYSTEM

19. What are we learning today? Benchmark  SC.912.L.14.52  SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics Objectives basic functions immune system specific nonspecific  I will identify and explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.

20. What are the two types of immune defense?  The immune system includes two general categories of defense mechanisms against infection.  Nonspecific defenses  Nonspecific defenses guard against infections by keeping most things out of the body.  Specific defenses  Specific defenses track down harmful pathogens that have managed to break through the body’s nonspecific defenses.

21. Line of defense Nonspecific Defense Role 1 st Skin Most important nonspecific defense Acts as a barrier to infection Engages in chemical warfare 1 st Mucus membrane Covers internal body surfaces that come in to contact with the environment Contains glands that secrete mucus Traps pathogens in the nose and throat 1 st Cilia Found in the respiratory tract Helps to trap pathogens. 1 st Sweat/Tears/Oil/Acid or body secretions Stomach acid and digestive enzymes destroy many pathogens Oil and sweat glands in the skin produce an acidic environment that kills many bacteria. Antibacterial enzymes are found in saliva and tears

22. Line of defense Nonspecific Defense Role 2 nd Inflammatory response Reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. Produces millions of WBC’s to fight infection or injury Macrophages/phagocytes Histamine is released to increase swelling in the area 2 nd Fever Body or pathogen releases chemicals that increase the core body temperature An elevated temperature stops the growth of pathogens. 2 nd Interferon Attack Virus Tell other cells to be ready for virus attack so they can keep the virus out 2 nd Complement proteins Are proteins that help clear pathogens from the body

23. Line of defense Example of Specific Defense 3 rd Immune response (adaptive immunity) T cells T cells are white blood cells that attack and kill harmful bacteria. (cell mediated – cell are involved) B cells B cells are white blood cells that make antibodies. (humural – antibodies are involved) antibody antigen An antibody is a Y-shaped protein that attaches to a specific foreign substance known as an antigen. Antibodies bind to pathogen's membrane proteins cause pathogen to clump together weaken the pathogen's membrane

24. Primary vs Secondary response Notice the secondary response for antigen A is more rapid and much stronger than the primary response. This is because of the plasma memory cells release the antibodies more quickly than the B-cells in when they first encounter the antigen (primary response)

25. What is an Acquired Immunity? vaccination The injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity is known as vaccination. Modern vaccines stimulate the immune system to create a primary response to an antigen (safe form) producing millions of plasma cells ready to produce a specific types of antibodies when the real virus is encountered (Secondary response). active immunity The type of immunity produced by the body’s reaction to a vaccine is known as active immunity. – May develop as a result of natural exposure to an antigen or from deliberate exposure to the antigen.

26. What is a Passive Immunity? passive immunity If antibodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream, the antibodies produced a passive immunity against the pathogen. Passive immunity is immediate and lasts only a short time because eventually the body destroys the foreign antibodies. It also does not produce memory cells. – Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies produced by the mother are passed to the offspring during development or in early infancy through breast milk. – Deliberate passive immunity occurs when travelers to certain regions of the world are given vaccines before leaving home.

27. Fighting Infectious Diseases Antibiotics Antibiotics are compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal host and work by interfering with the cellular processes of microorganisms. Antibiotics have NO EFFECT on VIRUSES.

30. Circulatory System

31. right atrium –The right atrium, receives deoxygenated blood from the body. right ventricle – The right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs. left atrium –The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. left ventricle –The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The Heart

33. Blood Vessels Vessel TypeSizeFunction Arteries Large & toughCarry blood AWAY from the heart. Capillaries Smallest, one- cell thick Bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues Absorb carbon dioxide and other waste from the tissues Veins ThinCarry blood BACK to the heart.

34.  Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the arteries’ walls.  Several factors may affect blood pressure.  Exercise  Nutrition  Stress  Smoking  Alcohol  Genetics Blood Pressure

35. Cardiovascular Disease  Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the heart and blood vessels.  Leading cause of death in the United States, claiming about 1,000,000 lives every year.  Cardiovascular diseases develop gradually, so their symptoms may not appear for decades.

36. hypertension High blood pressure, or hypertension, forces the heart to work harder, which may weaken or damage the heart muscle and blood vessels.

37. atherosclerosis  The hardening usually is preceded by atherosclerosis, an accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaque, on the inner lining of the arterial wall.  The deposits reduce the normal flow of the blood through the artery.  One of the substances associated with atherosclerosis is cholesterol.

38.  If one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, part of the heart muscle may begin to die from a lack of oxygen.  If enough muscle is damaged, a condition known as a heart attack occurs. ◦ Symptoms include nausea, shortness of breath, and severe, crushing chest pain.

39.  If a blood clot gets free and gets stuck in one of the blood vessels leading to the brain, the brain cells served by the particular blood vessel gradually die from oxygen starvation, and brain function in that region may be lost. stroke  This condition is known as a stroke and may cause paralysis, loss of the ability to speak, and even death.

40. Topic 15- Human Reproductive System

41. WHAT ARE WE LEARNING TODAY? BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13*- Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. OBJECTIVE I will Identify and describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system for both males and females.

42. What are the main functions of the female reproductive system? The organs of the female reproductive system are specialized for three major functions: 1.To enable sperm to enter the body, to meet with and fertilize the egg, and create a new living thing. 2.The location where a baby develops. 3.To protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. 4.To produce and secrete female sex hormones.

43. The female reproductive system produces ova, or eggs, the female reproductive cell, or gamete. The ova are produced by female gonads (sexual glands) called ovaries. All of the eggs are present when a female is born.

44. HOW DOES THE OVA TRAVEL INSIDE OF THE FEMALE BODY? The fallopian tubes (oviducts) allow the egg to travel from the ovary to the uterus. The uterus, or womb, is the major female reproductive organ where the fetus develops during gestation, also called pregnancy.

45. HOW DOES THE OVA TRAVEL INSIDE OF THE BODY? The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. The cervix has a very tiny opening to allow sperm and menstrual fluid to move through. It must dilate to 10 cm during birth. The vagina is a hollow muscular organ that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. The vaginal walls are lined with mucus membranes for protection and to keep it moist. This is where sexual intercourse occurs and the canal through which a baby is born.

46. What are the main functions of the male reproductive system? The organs of the male reproductive system are specialized for three major functions: 1.To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and the protective fluid called semen that the sperm travel in. 2.To discharge sperm into the female reproductive tract. 3.To produce and secrete male sex hormones.

47. Male “Sperm” refers to the male reproductive cells. The scrotum is a pouch-like structure containing numerous nerves and blood vessels, and hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects both of the testicles. The testes are the male gonads. They produce both sperm and the very important male sex hormone testosterone.

48. HOW DOES THE SPERM TRAVEL INSIDE, THEN OUT OF THE BODY? When sperm leave the testicles through the epididymis, they then pass through the vas deferens, a tube that carries the sperm passed the seminal vesicles and then to the prostate gland to produce semen.  The epididymis is a mass of tightly coiled tubes cupped against each of the testicles. It is the place where sperm mature and are stored.

49. HOW DOES THE SPERM TRAVEL INSIDE, THEN OUT OF THE BODY? The prostate gland is located just below the bladder, surrounding the urethra. It is responsible for the production of semen, which is a mixture of sperm cells, seminal fluid, and fluid from the prostate. The semen passes from the prostate to the urethra and out of the penis.  The seminal vesicles are a pair of sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens located on either side of the bladder, toward the back. They produce a fluid called seminal fluid (NOT semen) which provides energy to the sperm and is excreted into the vas deferens.

50. HOW DOES THE SPERM TRAVEL OUT OF THE BODY? The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder and the prostate gland to the penis for the removal of urine from the body, as well as semen. Semen and urine are prevented from mixing during ejaculation. The penis is the way in which males release both sperm and urine from the body. The penis is also used to deliver the sperm to the female vagina.

52. What are we learning today? SC.912.L.16.13 SC.912.L.16.13 …Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.  I will describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth. BenchmarkObjectives

53. What is fertilization? Fertilization is the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote. Occurs in upper third of Fallopian tube Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg

54. What is implantation? Zygote divides several times to form a solid ball of cells called a morula. More cellular divisions result in a blastocyst (blastula), a hollow ball of cells with a large fluid cavity. Blastocyst burrows into the lining of the uterus during implantation.

55. What happens after implantation? Implanted blastocyst gradually sorts itself into three layers forming a gastrula. All the organs and tissues of the embryo will be formed from these three layers by cell differentiation.

56. What is neurulation? Neurulation is the development of the nervous system. Neural folds create neural tube. One end of the neural tube will develop into the brain, the other end develops into the spinal cord.

57. What are some important extraembryonic structures? A.Placenta is the structure through which the mother nourishes the embryo. B.Umbilical cord contains arteries and veins that carry blood between the embryo and the placenta C C. Amniotic sac is a membrane that surrounds the embryo D. Amniotic fluid keeps cushions the embryo from injury and keeps it moist

58. Gestation/Human growth and development

60. Conception Fertilization happens when a sperm meets and penetrates an egg forming a zygote. At this moment, the genetic makeup is complete, including the sex of the baby. Within about three days after conception, the fertilized egg is dividing very fast into many cells. The zygote passes through the Fallopian Tube into the uterus were it has now formed into a blastocyst, where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta, which will nourish the baby, also starts to form.

61. Development at 4 weeks At this point the embryo is developing the structures that will eventually form his face and neck. The heart and blood vessels continue to develop. And the lungs, stomach, and liver start to develop. A home pregnancy test would show positive.

62. Development at 8 weeks The embryo is now a little over half an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming, and you can see the tip of the nose. The arms and legs are well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more distinct.

63. Development at 12 weeks The Fetus (9-11wks) measures about 2 inches and starts to make its own movements. Baby’s heartbeat can now be heard. The sex organs of the baby should start to become clear.

64. Development at 16 weeks The fetus now measures about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 3.5 ounces. The baby's eyes can blink and the heart and blood vessels are fully formed. The baby's fingers and toes have fingerprints.

65. Development at 20 weeks The fetus weighs about 10 ounces and is a little more than 6 inches long. The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces.

66. Development at 20 weeks An ultrasound is usually done for all pregnant women at 20 weeks. During this ultrasound, the doctor will make sure that the placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby is growing properly. The baby's heartbeat and movement of its body, arms, and legs can be seen on the ultrasound.

67. Development at 24 weeks The fetus weighs about 1.4 pounds now and responds to sounds by moving or increasing his pulse. With the inner ear fully developed, the baby may be able to sense being upside down in the womb.

68. Development at 28 weeks The fetus weighs about 2 pounds, 6 ounces, and changes position often at this point in pregnancy. If the delivery is premature, there is a good chance the baby would survive.

69. Development at 32 weeks The fetus weighs almost 4 pounds and is moving around often. The baby's skin has fewer wrinkles as a layer of fat starts to form under the skin.

70. Development at 36 weeks On average, a baby at this stage is about 18.5 inches and weighs close to 6 pounds. The brain has been developing rapidly. Lungs are nearly fully developed. The head is usually positioned down into the pelvis by now. A pregnancy is considered "at term" once it's past 37 weeks.

71. Birth A mother's due date marks the end of her 40th week. The delivery date is calculated using the first day of her last period. Based on this, pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks with a full-term delivery happening around 40 weeks. Some post-term pregnancies -- those lasting more than 42 weeks -- are not really late. For safety reasons, most babies are delivered by 42 weeks. Sometimes the doctor may need to induce labor.