1. Quick Tour Through Animal Behavior

2. The transition Realize that animal behaviors are responses made by organisms…responses to stimuli detected by nerves. And those responses are the result of signaling cascades.

3. Behavior Individually: An action carried out by muscles or glands under the control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus Collectively: sum of an animal’s responses to external and internal stimuli

4. AP Standard Organisms respond to changes in the environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms.

5. Responses physiological Shivering Sweating behavioral Hibernation Migration Aestivation Nocturnal vs diurnal – circadian rhythms Taxis Kinesis

6. Earthworms segmented nervous system brain is located above the pharynx and is connected to the first ventral ganglion

7. lab What kinds of receptors does a worm have (ie – to what kinds of stimuli does it respond)? Can a worm respond to an “isolated” stimulus?

8. Each segmented ganglion gets sensory information from only a local region and controls muscles only in this local region Earthworms have touch, light, vibration and chemical receptors all along the entire body surface.

9. Chapter 43 – Behavior: any action that can be observed and described Stimulus vs response Innate vs learned – Behavioral ecology: studies how behavior is controlled, how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.

10. AP Standard: Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness.

11. Innate behavior What you are born knowing how to do developmentally fixed under strong genetic control Exhibited in the same form in a population despite external and internal environmental differences

12. Examples: Kinesis: change in activity in response to a stimulus Taxis: automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus

13. Tinbergen: Fixed Action Patterns Sign Stimulus – external cue Triggers sequence of unlearned acts

14. reflexes

15. How would innate behaviors increase fitness? Some things you just have to get right on the first try…

16. AP Standard Internal and external signals regulate a variety of physiological responses that synchronize with environmental cycles and cues.

17. Circadian Clock Internal mechanism that maintains a 24-hour activity rhythm or cycle – How do they “know” what time it is?

18. External Signals Temperature Day length Position relative to the sun Moon phases

19. Migration Regular, long distance change in location

20. Why When: Timing – Innately controlled How?

21. Migration: how – Sun’s position – Landmarks – Stars – Magnetic fields The “where” seems to be learned

22. Impacts on Migration… Humans are impacting the migration of organisms… – Pick an organism – Discuss this organism’s normal migration patterns – Discuss the human impact(s) to the migration route – What can be done about it? Alternate solutions?

23. http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/03/31 /migration-and-threats http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/03/31 /migration-and-threats

24. AP Standard Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. – What is communication? – Reliability of signal – Recipient – Mode

25. AP standard Living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success

26. Visual

28. Crab courtship behavior https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCn6g3pXc1s&ebc=ANyPxKovCynUTGjKyuhzUXy5fW5- eizzjKgiU6Lyh8AC2IOj_Yf5tg7sHQiHJDgnTlBwv3wOWzAo7eohG-1sUklqitw_Yus22Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCn6g3pXc1s&ebc=ANyPxKovCynUTGjKyuhzUXy5fW5- eizzjKgiU6Lyh8AC2IOj_Yf5tg7sHQiHJDgnTlBwv3wOWzAo7eohG-1sUklqitw_Yus22Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwet0JLuqWY

29. Electrical Animal Minds Video Clip: Sharks

30. Tactile Location of food sources – Round dance – Waggle dance – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFDGPgXtK- U&ebc=ANyPxKr5X1fls1I0yueqdc2LWzjqVwq9YPV5KWj8GyPCZxMitcRsOgqfPG8CXrt- sO2Twp5p2YU3cB0mVfwd5z73ZD2cTvtv_g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFDGPgXtK- U&ebc=ANyPxKr5X1fls1I0yueqdc2LWzjqVwq9YPV5KWj8GyPCZxMitcRsOgqfPG8CXrt- sO2Twp5p2YU3cB0mVfwd5z73ZD2cTvtv_g – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg

31. Tactile continued Grooming Triggers release of endorphins and oxytocin Social bonding – esp important in cooperative situations https://www.mpg.de/6858847/oxytocin-social-grooming http://knowingneurons.com/2013/02/20/social-grooming-its-not-just-for-monkeys-and-prairie-voles/

32. Chemical

33. Auditory

34. Improvement with performance Instinct to alarm call Learn difference between genuine predators and innocuous neighbors Different alarm calls used for different predators Social confirmation

35. learning Behavioral change resulting from experience/interactions with environment and other organisms Durable changes Examples: – Habituation – Spatial learning – Conditioning – Trial and error

36. Habituation Learn not to respond to a situation if the response has neither positive nor negative consequences – or to stimuli that carry little to no info

37. Spatial Learning Acquiring a mental map of a region by inspecting the environment “cognitive maps” Landmarks

38. Classical Conditioning Associate an automatic, unconditioned response with a novel stimulus that does not normally trigger the response Arbitrary stimulus = reward/punishment

39. Trial and Error Learning Associates voluntary activity with its consequences Strengthening of stimulus-response connections

40. Back to the standard… Organisms are going to behave in ways that are favored by natural selection – Benefits MUST outweigh the costs – Sometimes its not so obvious…

41. AP standard Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population. – Benefits must outweigh costs

42. Herds, flocks, and schools What’s the benefit?

43. Swarming Behavior http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Sw arm http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Sw arm http://io9.com/this-video-of-a-honeybee- swarm-reveals-why-humans-cant-1522411422 http://io9.com/this-video-of-a-honeybee- swarm-reveals-why-humans-cant-1522411422 – This article highlights bee social structure

44. Pack Behavior http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/life/videos/cheetahs-hunt-ostrich/ http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/life/videos/cheetahs-hunt-ostrich/ – Benefits?

45. Predator Warning http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/wild- kingdom/videos/prairie-dogs-sound-the- alarm/ http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/wild- kingdom/videos/prairie-dogs-sound-the- alarm/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcB5kySU xWA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcB5kySU xWA – Benefits?

46. Take a prairie dog for example… Prairie dogs live in colonies (called towns) When a predator is sighted, a prairie dog will stand on top of its mound and start vocalizing (give an alarm call) Essentially, alerting the predator to its presence and exact location. Why would an individual do this? This behavior seems counterintuitive…

47. Behavioral Ecologists design experiments to test hypotheses http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/pr airiedog_alarm http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/pr airiedog_alarm So why do they do it?

48. How does it increase the fitness of the individual? Sacrificing yourself “for the good of the group” (altruism) does not work as an explanation unless there are genetic relationships…and strong ones at that…

49. AP standard Living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success

50. Example: territorial marking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ebTTQo AmDU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ebTTQo AmDU Lions mark territory with scent and vocalizations Interspecific (with hyenas and leopards) and intraspecific (with neighboring lion prides) competition deterred

51. What is this elephant saying? How does this behavior improve the success of this elephant?

52. AP Standard Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success.

53. examples Bee dances (tactile – for finding food) Fireflies (visual – for mating) Bird songs (territory and mating) Territorial marking (scents and vocals) Pack behavior (dominance vs submissive displays) Rutting season (competition/sexual selection) – Animal Minds Video: we watched in class 3/3 – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/inside-animal- minds.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/inside-animal- minds.html

54. AP Standard Organism activities are affected by interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations.

55. Niche and Resource Partitioning