1. Imperialism
Causes and Effects

2. Chapters in Brief - Questions
What led to European imperialism? Why did it succeed?
Contrast how the British and French ruled their colonies.
How were the effects of imperialism in Southeast Asia typical of those for other regions?

3. Chapters in Brief - Answers
What led to European imperialism?
- to control lands that had raw materials and provided markets for the goods they made
- to promote nationalism
- to prove racial superiority
- to make it easier for Christian missionaries to
convert native peoples
Why did it succeed?
- it succeeded because of technology (steamships
railroads, telegraphs, and machine guns)
- the lack of unity among African peoples

4. Chapters in Brief - Answers
Contrast how the British and French ruled their colonies.
British – tried to rule colonies indirectly and
hoped that eventually the native
peoples could govern themselves
French – ruled their colonies directly and
wanted native peoples to adopt
French culture

5. Chapters in Brief - Answers
How were the effects of imperialism in Southeast Asia typical of those for other regions?
- steps to modernize the economies generally
benefited the European businesses and not
the local people
- locals did enjoy better schooling, health, and
sanitation

6. Chapters in Brief – Overview
Several factors led Europeans to claim control of almost all of Africa. Some Africans resisted, but most efforts failed. The Ottoman Empire broke apart, and European powers took some of its lands. The British took control of India, where they modernized the economy to benefit themselves. Europeans gained lands in Southeast Asia, and the United States sought colonies.

7. The Scramble for Africa
Section One

8. Imperialism Objective
Analyze the causes and effects of Imperialism in Africa

9. Chapters in Brief
In the early 1800s, European nations had just a toehold in Africa, holding only areas along the coast. In the mid-1800s, though, Europeans had renewed interest in Africa. This rose, in part, from a desire to create overseas empires, a movement called imperialism. European nations wanted to control lands that had raw materials they needed for their industrial economies. They also wanted to open up markets for the goods they made. Nationalism fed the drive for empires as well. A nation often felt that gaining colonies was a measure of its greatness. Racism was another reason. Europeans thought that they were better than Africans. Finally, Christian missionaries supported imperialism. They thought ‘ that European rule would end the slave trade and help them convert native peoples. As a result of these factors, the nations of Europe began to seize lands in Africa. Technology helped them succeed. Steamships, railroads, and telegraphs made them able to penetrate deep into Africa and still have contact with the home

10. Chapters in Brief
country. Machine guns gave them a weapon of far greater power than any African peoples possessed. Finally, the drug quinine gave doctors a weapon against malaria, which struck Europeans. They were also helped by the lack of the unity among African peoples. The competition for African land, called the “scramble for Africa” began in the 1880s. The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa increased European interest in the continent. So that they would not fight over the land, European powers met in Berlin in They agreed that any nation could claim any part of Africa simply by telling the others and by showing that it had control of the area. They then moved quickly to grab land. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent of European control. The Europeans began to build plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. They also mined Africa’s important minerals. The Congo produced copper and tin. South Africa had gold and diamonds.

11. Chapters in Brief
In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1880s, the Zulu chief Shaka created a large kingdom. The British seized control of this land in Meanwhile, the British won control of the Dutch colony on the southern coast. Many thousands of Dutch settlers, called Boers, moved north to escape the British. At the end of the century, the Boers fought a vicious war with the British. The Boers lost, and they joined the British-run Union of South Africa.

12. Imperialism Definition:
the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
this political, social, or economic benefit is to the stronger nation and usually to the detriment of the weaker nation

13. Berlin Conference:
14 European nations meet to divide Africa and lay down rules for future claims
14 European nations agreed to claim land in Africa and prove they could rule it…no regard for the traditional African boundaries and no African leader was invited to the conference
Europeans could claim land because Africans were not united in resistance

14. CAUSES

15. Imperialism Cause One (#1)
The desire for new markets and raw materials (new lands)
sap from rubber plants in the Congo
diamonds in South Africa
coal and iron
rich minerals like copper, tin, and gold
land for cash crops like peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber, tea, indigo, coffee, jute, cotton and opium
few Africans/Asians actually bought European goods

16. Imperialism Cause Two (#2)
Nationalism fueled a sense of
CULTURAL SUPERIORITY = racism
people believed in Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” Cecil Rhodes
non-Europeans were considered on a lower level than Europeans because they had not made the scientific and technological progress
only the fittest for survival would enjoy wealth and success
competing claims = most richer and powerful

17. Cecil Rhodes British businessman supporter of expansion RACIST
“ I contend that we Britons are the first racein the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honorable race the world possesses.”

18. Imperialism Cause Three (#3)
Social Darwinism
desire of missionaries to “civilize and westernize” the people of Africa and stop the evil slave trade
ideas about evolution and human selection were applied to human society
those who were the fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior

19. So…..What is the white man’s burden?
Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. ---Rudyard Kipling (1899)

20. Imperialism Cause Four (#4)
Conversion to Christianity
artificial boundaries combined or unnaturally divided groups creating problems that continue today
to civilize and westernize the peoples of foreign land
belief that European rule was the best way to end evil practices such as the slave trade

21. Imperialism Cause Five (#5)
Nationalism
people’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation
people share a common culture and history
pride in one’s country

22. Summary = Five Causes of Imperialism
New markets / new lands
Cultural superiority
Social Darwinism
Conversion to Christianity
Nationalism

23. Main Imperialism Causes
** The three main causes of imperialism is the desire for new markets, nationalism, and cultural superiority **

24. EFFECTS

25. Imperialism Effect One (#1)
Breakdown of traditional African culture
rules replaced with European governments
men forced to leave villages to work in mines
identity problems – white seemed better than black

26. Imperialism Effect Two (#2)
Africans lost control of their land
plantations substituted food crops and caused famine
diseases like small pox (Europeans got malaria)
thousands of Africans died fighting but Europeans had better weapons and the steamboat

27. Imperialism Effect Three (#3)
Artificial boundaries combined or unnaturally
divided groups creating problems that continue
today

28. Imperialism Effect Four (#4)
End of local tribal warfare

29. Imperialism Effect Five (#5)
Improved infrastructure – mostly for the benefit of Europeans through:
railroads
modern roads
telephone and telegraph lines
dams / bridges / canals
sanitation and public health
schools

30. Summary = Positive Effects
Reduces local warfare
Improved infrastructure
(hospitals, schools, sanitation, railroads, dams,
telephone and telegraph lines)
Improved lifespan and literacy rates
African products more valued
Economic expansion

31. Summary = Negative Effects
1. Africans lost land & independence
death from disease
wars of resistance
famines
2. Breakdown of Traditional African Culture
men forced to leave villages to work
identity problems
homes and property transferred
authority figures replaced
3. Division of the African Continent
rival tribes forced to unite
kinship groups were split between colonies
artificial boundaries created by
Berlin Conference 14 European nations meet to divide Africa and lay down rules for future claims

32. Forms 0f Imperialism

33. Forms of Imperialism
Colony – a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power
(ex: Somaliland in East Africa – a French colony)
Protectorate – a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
(ex: Niger River Delta protected by Britain)

34. Forms of Imperialism
** Sphere of Influence – an area in which an outsider power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges**
(ex: Liberia under the United States)
Economic imperialism – an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
(ex: Hawaii – Dole fruit company controlled
pineapple trade)

35. Management Methods of Imperialism

36. Imperial Management Methods
Direct Control
foreign officials brought in to rule
no self-rule
goal is assimilation
government institutions are based only on European styles
Indirect Control
local government officials used
limited self rule
goal to develop future leaders
government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules

37. ** Imperialism caused tensions among powerful countries in the world because each country: 1. wanted to expand their culture and their superiority 2. fought over similar territory 3. wanted to be the best and most powerful **

38. Imperialism Map Questions Africa

39. 1. Which two European countries most dominated the African continent during the Age of Imperialism
1. Britain
2. France

40. Liberia – US colony for freed slaves
2. What are the only two countries in Africa that were not a victim of Imperialism?
Liberia – US colony for freed slaves
Ethiopia – successful military resistance

41. Democratic Republic of Congo
3. What three countries did the Belgians have control over during the Age of Imperialism?
Burundi
Democratic Republic of Congo
Rwanda

42. Essential Question
Do you believe that Imperialism had more positive or negative effects on the world? Support your answer.
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your
summary section.

43. Imperialism Objective
Analyze the causes and effects of Imperialism in Africa

44. British Imperialism in India
Section Four

45. Chapters in Brief
In the early 1700s, the Mughal Empire of India fell into decline. By the middle of the century, the British East India Company was becoming the most important power in India. It held huge amounts of land – almost the entire subcontinent. British law forced India to supply raw materials such as tea, indigo (a dye), coffee, and cotton. The law also forced Indian manufacturing out of business. India became even more important when the East India Company built rail lines that linked growing regions in the interior with ports on the coast. India enjoyed some gains from British rule. Its rail system was the third largest in the world and helped make the economy more modern. The British made other improvements, too. They built telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and canals. They also improved sanitation and public health and built schools. More and more Indians learned to read.

46. Chapters in Brief
British rule caused problems as well. Many economic benefits flowed out of India to Britain, Indian industry died out because of British trade laws. Many farmers and villages lost their ability to feed themselves because they were made to grow cash crops. Many peoples died when famines struck. British racist attitudes damaged Indian culture. By the mid-1800s, many Indians felt growing resentment. When Indian soldiers heard rumors that offended their religious feelings, many rebelled. The East India Company needed a year – and British troops - to put it down. The Indians lost because of their own divisions. Muslims and Hindus did not trust each other. After the revolt, the British government took direct control of British India.

47. Chapters in Brief
Indians tried other ways of resisting British control. Leaders such as Ram Mohun Roy urged changes in traditional Indian practices to make Indian society more modern. He hoped to free India of foreign control with these changes. Indians resented the fact that they were treated unfairly. They formed two groups – the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Both began to push the British to make changes. In the early 1900s, they called for self-government.

48. Imperialism Map
Questions
Asia
and
Miscellaneous

49. 1. Where did the Untied States acquire land on the Asian Continent?
Philippenes

50. 2. What present day countries did France colonize in Asia
2. What present day countries did France colonize in Asia? Is there a link between Imperialism and the future of one of those countries? If so, what is the future of the one country?
Cambodia / Laos / Vietnam
Vietnam – split into North Vietnam and South Vietnam

51. 3. Who controlled India?
India

52. 4. The United States was an Imperialist power in Latin America during the Age of Imperialism. What method of control would you assume was used?
Sphere of influence

53. 5. Do you believe that Imperialism had more positive or negative effects on the world? Support your answer.
Opinion question – answers will vary

54. 6. During the Age of Imperialism, it was said that, “the sun never sets on the British Empire”. What do you think it means?
Opinion question – answers will vary (the British Empire has acquired more land than any other country = all is good and nothing negative can happen as the sun means that all is prosperous)