1. - 1 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG FIT-FOR-PURPOSE LAND ADMINISTRATION: AN IMPLEMENTATION MODEL FOR CADASTRE AND LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS Tarek Zein International Consultant Hansa Luftbild March 2016

2. - 2 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG 1.Company Introduction 2.Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration 3.Implementation Model 4.Data Collection 5.Land Admnistration System Development 6.Conclusion Contents

3. - 3 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG History Aero Lloyd merges with Deutsche Lufthansa → New name: Hansa Luftbild 1926 1923 Foundation of Aero Lloyd Luftbild GmbH 2013 90th anniversary of Hansa Luftbild

4. - 4 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Services Hansa Luftbild Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry Consulting International Geoinformation Systems Geodata production Data acquisition Data capturing Data conversion Geo IT-management Software development Data modelling / analysis System supply and support Consulting & Solutions Management of complex international projects General contracting Organisation

5. - 5 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration Approach Approach is characterised by: flexibility - in capturing spatial data allowing for varying use and occupation; inclusiveness - covers all tenure and all land; participatory for data capture and usage - ensures community support; affordable in establishment, operation and use; reliable - provides authoritative and up-to-date information; attainable within a short timeframe, utilising available resources; and upgradeable - allows for incremental upgrading and improvement over time in response to social and legal needs and emerging economic opportunities. (Source: FIG Publication No 60, 2014 )

6. - 6 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration Approach Four key principles: 1.usage of visual land field boundaries to delineate rural and peri- urban land areas (these boundaries are not precisely determined and relate to physical features, rather than fixed boundaries); 2.usage of medium resolution aerial imagery or high resolution satellite imagery for land delineation, which costs far less than field surveys; 3.basing land information accuracy requirements on purpose rather than on technical standards which are often incompatible with existing infrastructure of a country; and 4.continuous updating, upgrading and improving of spatial data on a as necessary / relevant basis and in accordance with land policy objectives. (Source: FIG Publication No 60, 2014 ) Fit-for-purpose approach can also be applied for urban areas

7. - 7 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Implementation Model for Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration Fit-for-purpose land administration approach applied in a few cases, such as in Rwanda, Ethiopia, Namibia etc. (Source: FIG Publication No 60, 2014) However, no detailed implementation model for this approach has yet been described Model proposed to help interested land administration or cadastre authorities to adopt this approach and implement it Implementation of a cadastre and land administration system is divided into two parts: 1.data collection, and 2.land administration system (LAS) development

8. - 8 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection Number of options or platforms utilizing satellite imagery and / or aerial imagery. Aerial imagery can be acquired by aircraft or drones (UAV / UAS) Data collection for rural and / or urban areas High resolution satellite imagery or medium resolution aerial imagery often used for surveys of rural areas

9. - 9 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Satellite Imagery Advantages of high resolution satellite imagery Satellite platform is operational 365 days of the year; frequent re-visit times; satellite can easily access remote or restricted areas; no air traffic control restrictions Large area footprints decrease the need for block adjustment and creation of image mosaics Disadvantages of high resolution satellite imagery Imaging time is fixed; cannot be optimized with respect to weather conditions and cloud coverage¸ strong possibilities of cloud cover and thus occlusions Image acquisition geometry is not very flexible and quality is often impaired by different factors (atmospheric etc.) Typical off-nadir viewing angle of up to 25° is problematic in image matching Cost of the imagery may be too high Licensing procedures to use imagery (Source: GEO Informatics, 2012)

10. - 10 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery Disadvantages of aerial imagery (aircraft) Requirement for flight permit / air operation permit to fly a project area Cost of ferrying aircraft to project area Disadvantages of aerial imagery (UAV) Many countries still have no regulations about the operation of UAV UAVs can only fly / cover small areas

11. - 11 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – UAV, Aircraft, Satellite Platforms Matese et al. (2015) compared UAV, aircraft and satellite remote sensing platforms for precision viticulture Comparison: UAV 0.05 m/pixel, aircraft, 0.5 m/pixel, satellite 5 m/pixel Cost of UAV imagery and mapping competitive with traditional acquisition platforms: Operational costs low Deployment flexible Spatial resolution of imagery high Cost analysis UAV chiefly advantageous for small areas

12. - 12 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – UAV, Aircraft, Satellite Platforms (Source: Matese et al., 2015)

13. - 13 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection Size and the location of the area to be mapped  determine which of the spatial data capture platforms to be used For example: project area > 1,000 km² and ground resolution 30cm = aerial imagery is less expensive than satellite imagery Choice between satellite imagery or aerial imagery  determined by area size, data acquisition costs and accuracy requirements Irrespective of the imagery platform selected stereo imagery necessary (1) to generate a digital elevation model (2) to produce digital orthophotos (3) to perform vector mapping of the land parcels or plots Accuracy of the mapping captured from aerial imagery / satellite imagery dependent on requirements and usage of ground control points

14. - 14 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery Cost of aerial imagery at different resolutions Aerial Image Resolution Resolution Type Average Price per Square Kilometer in USD Stereo Imagery with 0% Cloud Cover 10cmhigh300.00 20cmhigh75.00 25cmhigh65.00 30cmmedium30.00 40cmmedium20.00 70cmlow6.00 Urban areas: For 10cm resolution aerial photography, cost of aerial photography per land parcel 15 US cents (parcel size 500 m², ie 2000 parcels per km²) Rural areas: For 30cm resolution aerial photography, cost of aerial photography per land parcel 15 US cents (parcel size 5000 m², ie 200 parcels per km²

15. - 15 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery 10cm Ground Resolution

16. - 16 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery 20cm Ground Resolution

17. - 17 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery 30cm Ground Resolution

18. - 18 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Aerial Imagery 70cm Ground Resolution

19. - 19 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Satellite Imagery Cost of satellite imagery with different resolutions Satellite System Satellite Image Resolution Standard Price for New Tasking per Square Kilometer in USD for Stereo Imagery with ≤15% Cloud Cover Worldview-330cm78.00 Geoeye-141cm61.50 Worldview-246cm55.00 Worldview-150cm55.00 Pléiades-1A / Pléiades-1B50cm29.00 KOMPSAT-370cm32.00 EROS-B70cm32.00 (Source: e-GEOS S.p.A. Price List, 2016; Geo-informatics and Space Technology Department Agency Price List, 2015; Geoserve B.V, 2016)

20. - 20 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Satellite Imagery 40cm Ground Resolution (Source: DigitalGlobe Inc., 2014) Worldview-3

21. - 21 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Satellite Imagery 50cm Ground Resolution (Source: Centre National d’Études Spatiales [CNES], 2014) Pléiades-1

22. - 22 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Satellite Imagery 70cm Ground Resolution KOMPSAT-3 (Source: Korean Aerospace Research Institute, 2015)

23. - 23 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection - UAV Large number of companies offering UAVs Website www.geo-matching.com lists more than 30 manufacturers of UAVs Number of suitable UAVs for land administration purposes on offer Price of an UAV for boundary mapping under 5,000.00 USD Reliable and stable UAVs with good flight endurance and capabilities on the market at 20,000 USD (plus the cost of additional power packs for extending the flight endurance, of training and processing software) Price of 1.00 km² of UAV imagery around 750.00 USD for average block size 10 km² = cost of UAV imagery per parcel 3.75 USD (parcel size 5,000 m², ie 200 parcels per km²) In comparison aircraft aerial imagery or satellite imagery covering an area of 10 km² will cost more than UAV aerial imagery when aircraft ferry cost or the minimum order requirement set by the satellite system operators are taken into account.

24. - 24 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – UAV Imagery 10cm Ground Resolution (Source: Germap GmbH, 2015)

25. - 25 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – UAV Imagery 5cm Ground Resolution (Source: Germap GmbH, 2015)

26. - 26 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Land Parcel Mapping Rural areas: Acquired airborne or satellite imagery used to produce digital orthophotos for mapping land parcels in the rural areas Orthophotos plotted on paper or copied on tablet computers for usage in the field Digital orthophotos can also be used in the office for digitizing visible boundaries on computer screens in order to produce the spatial data – land parcels - required for the registration in the land administration system Mapped visible boundaries are then verified in the field during the registration process

27. - 27 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Land Parcel Mapping Urban areas: Best covered with photogrammetric mapping using high resolution stereo aerial imagery Stereo aerial imagery allows mapping of objects, land or structures, using photogrammetric techniques, resulting in reliable and accurate cadastral map data From stereo aerial imagery digital orthophotos also produced and used as a backdrop to the mapped data and as documentary evidence of the boundaries during field verification

28. - 28 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Land Parcel Mapping If area < 20 km² then the usage of a UAV or UAS may be viable depending on the cost of acquiring and processing the data and the accuracy requirements set by the concerned cadastre or land administration authority Cost of land parcel mapping: Cost of mapping the visible boundary of a parcel in an urban or rural area using 20cm resolution aerial imagery can range between 0.75 USD and 1.00 USD Adding the cost of aerial imagery per parcel of 0.15 USD, then the total cost will be in the order of 1.15 USD per parcel

29. - 29 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Object and Parcel Mapping from 20cm Resolution

30. - 30 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection – Parcel Mapping 20cm Aerial Imagery

31. - 31 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection in the Field Includes the gathering of information in the field / on the ground about land tenure, land use and land rights Use either printed paper plots of orthophotos or tablet computers with orthophotos stored Cost of tenure related details with land rights’ data collection in the field equivalent whether plots or tablet computers are used, around 5.00 USD per parcel

32. - 32 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection in the Field Advantage of using paper plots: land owners / land users see and “touch” their land parcel or land holding Disadvantage of plots: additional work - information gathered in the field has to be digitized to be input into the computer system of the concerned land administration authority

33. - 33 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection in the Field Advantage of using tablet computers: inputting the data digitally in the tablets while in the field and transferring the data either online in real time to the computer server system or to upload it on returning to the office Disadvantages of using tablet computers in the field: acquiring a reliable power source in rural areas for battery recharging glarey screen when working outside in the open, especially in sunlight

34. - 34 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Data Collection in the Field Using tablet computers: Free applications (apps) for collecting information and land rights: Open Tenure application, developed through a Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) managed project; available for IOS, Android and personal computer operating systems Mobile Application to Secure Tenure (MAST) developed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); available as an Android application Functionalities: In-the-field map and data recorders to perform systematic registration or digital lodgement for property registration Both apps support fit-for-purpose approach, especially the participatory characteristics and the crowdsourcing approach which allows the local communities to collect the tenure related details

35. - 35 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development Important decisions to be made by concerned authorities: Use open source or proprietary software, both of which need customization to fulfil requirements? Initial cost of developing a land administration system on the basis of open source software is estimated to be equivalent to using proprietary software BUT savings can be made through the lifecycle of a software system Land administration systems established using base software and applications related to land administration and cadastre Lifecycle of such a system ≤ 25 years, software maintenance will be required for the base software and the applications.

36. - 36 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development LAS Maintenance For land administration systems built using proprietary software, maintenance has to be paid for the base software as well as for the applications For systems built using open source software payment for maintenance will be for the applications only → open source base software is maintained by the open source community Thus savings can be made on software system maintenance when using open source Affordable element of the fit-for-purpose land administration approach → open source most viable solution especially with regard to cost and flexibility

37. - 37 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development LAS establishment with open source software Two choices / options: (1)adapt an already existent open source land administration system; for example, the Solutions for Open Land Administration (SOLA) project developed by the FAO, or (2)use open source platform to develop a new land administration system from scratch Option (2) frequently a viable solution, since the costs are relatively comparable to the option (1).

38. - 38 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development First step: conduct requirements analysis existing system and existing business processes assessment of the existing system’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) existing land / property laws and regulations existing digital systems (digital spatial and non-spatial systems) and data (spatial and non-spatial data) existing organisational structure existing stakeholders

39. - 39 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development Second step: propose LAS to client Purpose and scope of the system Functional and non-functional requirements Spatial cadastre system and data Land registration system and data Relating existing processes to reengineered or new processes described as use cases Reference and domain models Role of stakeholders in the new system

40. - 40 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development Third and fourth steps: LAS architecture and design; development and implementation Reference architecture on the basis of open source software and the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (Source Zein, Timm and Hartfiel, 2015). Four components, ordered as layers, incorporating all the parts required to build an LAS and implement with existing OSS developments: 1.ExperMaps Data Level 2.Internal OGC Service Level 3.ExperMaps LAS 4.Desktop GIS - QGIS

41. - 41 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Land Administration System Development ExperMaps: a web application developed using the open source components PostgreSQL, PostGIS, QGIS, GeoSever, and OpenLayers

42. - 42 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG 1. ExperMaps Data Level – Lowest layer provides the persistence services for the entire system and is implemented in PostgreSQL / PostGIS database. Database hosts an LADM compliant data model; integrates a document management system (DMS) implemented in Alfresco or Agorum, both are OSS developments 2. Internal OGC Service Level provides OGC compliant services and is implemented on a GeoServer Land Administration System Development

43. - 43 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG 3. ExperMaps LAS is the core component of the system and is implemeted with ExperMaps and includes all domain specific functionalities. separated into two parts, the application level and the user interface (GUI) application level uses node.js as a runtime environment GUI is front end of the system and is based on OpenLayers and is implemented in JavaScript 4. Desktop GIS – QGIS – Top layer desktop GIS implemented in QGIS used for advanced GIS operations, such as cartography, in-depth spatial analysis, importing and edit of surveying data, etc.. data transfer between QGIS and ExperMaps LAS performed via standard interfaces, such as the Web Feature Service (WFS or WFS-T) Land Administration System Development

44. - 44 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG LAS proposed adheres to the characteristics of the fit-for-purpose approach, especially with regard to cost effectiveness and being attainable and affordable by government institutions Cost of developing and implementing an LAS, around 1,500,000.00 USD (one million five hundred thousand USD); including requirements analysis, design, development and implementation of a centralised system with the necessary hardware such as computer servers and a local area network for ten to fifteen user nodes On the basis of this cost the price of system implementation per land parcel is estimated to be 30 US cents, for a country which has 50,000,000 land parcels. Total cost of mapping and registering a land parcel is far less than 7.00 USD (1.15 USD for image acquisition and mapping, 5.00 USD for field data collection and registration, and 0.30 USD for system implementation) Land Administration System Development

45. - 45 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Conclusion The characteristics and the key principles of the fit-for-purpose land administration approach can be fulfilled at a cost not exceeding 7.00 USD per land parcel while producing reliable cadastre information and a state- of-the-art land administration system

46. - 46 - Copyright @ 2016 Hansa Luftbild AG Thank you for your attention Hansa Luftbild AG Nevinghoff 20 48147 Muenster Germany Tel.: +49-251-2330-0 Fax.: +49-251-2330-112 info@hansaluftbild.de www.hansaluftbild.de