1. 1st Agricultural Revolution –12,000 yrs ago (Neolithic Era) Fertile Crescent, China, N. Africa… –Domestication – plants (Carl Sauer: first north of the Bay of Bengal), animal (about 40 species today) occurred after people became more sedentary –Substistence Farming

2. 1 st Agricultural Revolution

3. Subsistence Farming – not for trade –Some are confined to small fields; may not own the soil they till –shifting cultivation (slash & burn) – ash aids in soil fertility, abandon after a few years; 150 – 200 million people

4. Shifting Cultivation & Slash-n-Burn

5. 2 nd Agricultural Revolution - Middle Ages through Industrial Revolution; major population explosion! -Improved cultivation (seed drill, crop rotation), harvesting, and storage

7. 3 rd Agricultural Revolution –a.k.a. “Green Revolution” –Began in 1960s, still in progress today –Based on higher yielding strands (wheat, rice, corn) using genetic engineering (e.g. IR36 – rice) –Greatest impact in India, China

8. Classifying Economic Activities –Primary – extractive sector; direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; hunting and gathering, herding, fishing, mining, farming, lumbering,… –Secondary – industrial sector; processes raw materials & transforms them into finished industrial products; almost infinite range of commodities (toys, chemicals, buildings, …) –Tertiary – service sector; engaged in services (transportation, banking, education, …) Quaternary – concerned w/ collection, processing, and manipulation of information & capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services) Quinary – require a high level of specialized knowledge or skill (scientific research, high-level management)

9. Primary activities Secondary Activities Tertiary Activities

10. Von Thünen Model – 1800s (Concentric rings where crops dominate, transportation is a key factor) 1 – highly perishable: dairy, fruit 2 – fuel & building material 3 – less perishable; field crops, grains (further from city) 4 – livestock, ranching (self- transporting) “The Isolated State”

11. Von Thünen Model Assumptions –Flat terrain –Constant soils & conditions –No barriers to transportation to market –Self-sufficient

12. Commercialization and the Transformation of the Rural Sector

14. Global Patterns of Commercial Agriculture –“Cash” Crops: Mostly tropical; All crops compete w/ alternatives & synthetics Sugar - Caribbean (wealthy importing countries set tariffs & quotas) Cotton – US, China (NE), Mexico, Brazil, Egypt, India; Ind. Rev. increased production Rubber – Amazon (originated), Congo, SE Asia (>70% today – mostly due to availability of labor) –Luxury Crops: tea, coffee, tobacco, … Coffee – Ethiopia (originated), Mid & S. Am. (70%); Coffee is 2 nd most valuable traded commodity (petroleum is 1 st ), most is grown on large, foreign-owned plantations Tea – India, China, Japan (most to Eurasia)

15. Non-tropical Agriculture: Dairying, fruit & specialized crops – northern latitudes (NE US, NW Eur) Mixed livestock & crops – humid mid-latitudes (E. US, W. Eur & Russia) Commercial grains – drier mid-latitudes Livestock ranching – display a Th ü nian pattern (along periphery, consumers in core) Mediterranean – dry summers; olives, citrus, grapes, … ( “ wine country ” – high demand/price); US, Chile, S. Afr, Aus Rice – US is #3 exporter (due to subsistence farming in SE Asia) (Thailand & Vietnam #1&#2) Illegal drugs – mostly periphery to core

17. Napa Valley, California (Mediterranean Climate)

23. Agribusiness: large-scale, mechanized industrial agriculture; corporations –Commodity or food chains are usually composed of inputs, production, outputs, distribution, and consumption; first developed by Europeans during the colonial period (imprint is still seen) –Poultry, Turkey, Pork, … Transformed from single farmers to vertically integrated companies (ie: Tyson) –Involved in manufacturing & service as much as farming (banks, equipment, sales, selective breeding, … ) –Growing resistance in Europe to importing American crops grown through genetic engineering

24. Environmental Impacts: Agriculture affects the landscape perhaps more than any other human activity (impossible to measure) –Expansion of livestock herding into semi-arid regions in Sub-Saharan Africa (can lead to desertification) turning good land into sand. –Clearing of forests for cattle grazing in Central & South America (more land needed for feed grains as well – major cause of world hunger) –Introduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the U.S. (led to rise in demand for organic crops) –Terracing of hillsides in S.E. Asia (prevents soil from washing downhill, more land area)

25. Sahara dunes tower over Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania A fungicide sprayer in the U.S. Midwest Deforestation in the Amazon, Brazil Terracing in Southeast Asia

26. Green Revolution Not just higher yielding seeds – chemical fertilizers, insecticides, irrigation, machinery, hybridization (disease-resistant) –Conditions for success = money, political stability, independent (not subsistence) farmers, transportation, market economy, cultural acceptance, education,… –Conditions that limit success = decline in soil quality, pollution (water), increased costs of fuel & fertilizer, lack of equality (women unable to receive credit), crushing debt (individual & national), climatic factors (erosion, desertification), loss of biodiversity,…

38. Von Thünen Model – 1800s (Concentric rings where crops dominate, transportation is a key factor) 1 – highly perishable: dairy, fruit 2 – fuel & building material 3 – less perishable; field crops, grains (further from city) 4 – livestock, ranching (self- transporting) “The Isolated State”

39. Von Thünen Model Assumptions Flat terrain Constant soils & conditions No barriers to transportation to market Self-sufficient