1. Unit 9: Locomotion Guide Note Packet 1

2. What is locomotion? Definition:- interactions within the body that result in movement - involves muscles, bones, joints, and/or other adaptations for movement 2

3. Do All Organisms Move About? NO! - Organisms that do not move about are called SESSILE Ex. Mushrooms, Mussels, Plants 3

4. How Simpler Organisms Move Pseudopods - “fake” legs; really an extension of cytoplasm that drags the organism around Ex. Amoeba 4

5. How Simpler Organisms Move Cilia - short hair-like structures on the surface of the organism that allows for moving about; like a conveyor belt Ex. Paramecium Structure of a Paramecium 5

6. How Simpler Organisms Move Flagellum - a whiplike thread used for movement; located at one end of organism Ex. Euglena 6

7. 2 Types of Skeletons Exoskeleton Found on insects and some sea creatures 7

8. 2 Types of Skeletons Endoskeleton Found in animals with bones 8

9. Skeletal System Types Exoskeleton “Exo” means “outside” Consists of a hard outer shell If it’s possible to “crunch”, probably an exoskeleton Function: to protect contents Ex. Crab, insects Endoskeleton “Endo” means “inside” Consists of bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, and ligaments Function: to make blood Ex. Humans, Dogs, Horse 9

10. Jobs of the Skeleton 1. Helps the body move 2. Gives the body shape and holds it up 3. Protects internal organs 4. Makes blood cells (red and white blood cells) 10

11. Parts of the Human Endoskeleton Give support; make blood; have 206 bones; where they meet are called joints Flexible tissue that provides cushion; ears, nose, ends of bones; babies are made mostly of this Bones Cartilage 11

12. Parts of the Human Endoskeleton Tissues that help bones move; built by protein; contain actin and myosin fibers; need oxygen; contract/relax Muscle Tendon Attach muscle to bone Attach bone to bone Ligament 12

13. Ligament/Tendon Diagram Ligament Contracted Relaxed 13

14. cranium mandible pelvis clavicle humerus ribs sternum scapula phalanges radius ulna patella femur carpals fibula tibia phalanges tarsals vertebrae Skeleton Labels 14

15. Types of Joints 1.Ball and Socket - joint that allows a rotating motion in all directions Ex. Shoulder and hip 2.Hinge - joint that allows movement in one direction Ex. Elbow and knee 3.Gliding - joint that allows “small” movement in all directions Ex. Wrist and ankle 4. Fixed - joint that allows no movement Ex. Skull 15

16. Types of Muscle Cardiac muscle - involuntary (can’t control it) - has striations (lines in tissue) - found in the heart only 16

17. Types of Muscle Smooth muscle - involuntary (can’t control) - no striations (no lines on tissue)- found in stomach, intestines, and blood vessels 17

18. Types of Muscle Skeletal -voluntary (can control) - has striations (lines on tissue) -- found attached to bones and controlled by nervous system 18

19. Muscles Work in Pairs Muscles work as a team! When one muscle CONTRACTS, the opposite muscle is RELAXED! The contracting muscle is called a flexor. The relaxing muscle is called an extensor. 19

20. Homeostasis Problems with Locomotion 1. Fracture - break or crack in the bone 2. Arthritis - disease that causes joints to become inflamed and painful; swelling 3. Osteoporosis - brittle bones that break easily from lack of calcium 4. Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon at the bone junction; common in athletes; caused by tearing or swelling 20

21. Homeostasis Problems with Locomotion 5. Muscular Dystrophy - disease that causes the slow wasting away of skeletal muscle tissue 6. Sprain - a tearing or stretching of the ligaments that hold together the bone end in a joint; caused by a sudden pull or twist 7. Strain - a tear in muscle tissue 21