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A. Formation and Use of Fossil Fuels *Fossil Fuels form from the remains of plants and animals. -the form in the natural process that takes millions of years. *People depend on fossil fuels for most energy needs.
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-People began to depend more and more on energy. -ex. They needed energy to run factories, machines, trains, and other new devices. -they first turned to coal
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During this time period people found oil and natural gas were useful energy sources.
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* Coal * Petroleum or oil * And Natural Gas
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-most coal formed from the remains of plants that lived during the Carboniferous period. -Earth’s climate was warm and the land was covered with swamps and shallow seas. -due to pressure the plant and animal remains gradually turned into coal, oil, or natural gas.
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Coal was formed from dead plant matter Oil and natural gas formed from remains of marine plants and animals. -once formed, the oil moved through cracks in rock below Earth’ surface.
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-fossil fuels are part of the energy chain that begins with the sun Energy from the Sun is stored in fossil fuels -burned fuels release stored energy
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* powering automobiles * heating houses * running appliances
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-making electricity 1. Thermal Energy from burning the fuels is used to boil water. -steam turns turbines -generators convert the mechanical energy of turbines to electrical energy that can be distributed to homes, schools, and business
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-is distilled to make jet fuel for air planes.
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-used for trucks, buses, and trains -the engines change the chemical energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy that runs the vehicle.
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-is used to heat more than half of all homes in the U. S. -propane, a product from refined crude oil, is also used to heat homes. -also fuels many barbecue grills and out door stoves.
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-fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, which means they can not be replaced quickly or easily. -people are using fossil fuels much more quickly than natural processes are replacing them. -at this rate, Earth will run out of fossil fuels some day
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-burning fossil fuels pollutes the environment. -ex. Burning coal produces smoke and soot. -today strict laws and better technology help prevent pollution from fossil fuels.
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-burning also releases carbon dioxide gas into the air.
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-fossil fuels take millions of years to form. -their supply is quickly shrinking and it causes pollution and other problems. -scientists are developing cleaner, renewable sources of energy to replace fossil fuels.
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1. Turn off lights, TV, and other appliances when not in use. 2. Recycle 3. Change clothes to fit the weather instead of turning up the air conditioning or heat. 4. Seal windows and doors
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-a community can conserve energy, too, by: › 1. promoting public transportation › 2. investing in new energy technology › 3. encouraging everyone to use energy wisely
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-because fossil fuels are nonrenewable, and supplies are limited, people are developing way to use renewable resources. Ex. Sun wind and moving water
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-such resources can be used day after day without running out. -they do not pollute the atmosphere.
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-energy from the sun -inexhaustible energy source -people can never use it all up! -can be used as heaters, and make electricity in solar power plants -solar plant in Mojave Desert provides power to 350,000 homes
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-people have built and used wind mills for hundreds of years. -they were used to grind grain or pump water -as the wind turned the blades sails, a series of gears would turn to provide power -due to improved technology, wind power is now promising source of energy
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-mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy -the amount of energy depends on the size of the turbine and the wind speed -some countries use wind power to generate 10% of their electricity or more. -fields with dozens if wind turbines are called wind farms
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- the turbines work together to provide large amounts of electricity. -ex. California had the largest wind farm -Downfall: -the farms take up a lot of space -only work best in areas where steady winds blow
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-Like wind, water had been used as an energy source for hundreds of years. -ex. The Romans built large water wheels on rivers, which they used to grind grain
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-Electrical energy generate from moving water is called hydroelectric energy. -the first step to build a hydroelectric power plant, is to built a dam on a steep section of a river. -water is stored behind the dam in a reservoir these plants produce about 10% of the country’s power.
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Benefits of hydroelectric power: -it produces energy without pollution the air. - they rely on the water cycle-a free energy source
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downfall: -could damage the river environment -ex. Could change the flow of the river and can harm the lives of fish and other animals.
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Ocean tides can also be harnessed to produce electricity
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-Uranium Ore is fairly common in Earth’s crust, but its not stable. › -the nucleus of the atom can break apart and radiate energy › -this is why its called radioactive › -when the nucleus splits it is called fission
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› -fission releases a great deal of energy › -harnessing the energy is the heart of nuclear power
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-a nuclear power plant, bundles of rods containing uranium are placed in a reactor -the energy released turns water into steam Steam then turns the turbines that makes electricity
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- provides a clean and quiet way to generate electricity -no soot or carbon dioxide
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-worst risk is the accidental release of radioactive material -nuclear waste is a more common problem -after uranium fuel is spent, it may remain radioactive for thousands of years -today waste is transported to a remote area and buried n underground containers
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-thermal energy from Earth’s interior -how it works... -magma from Earth’s interior is close to underground pools of water, if the water boils and produces steam, it may rise through rocks to the surface. -this forms hot springs or geysers
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- used for: -heated water can be sent through insulated pipes to heat swimming pools and buildings. -it can also be used to produce electricity -heat homes
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-it’s a free source of energy that will not run out.
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-includes: › -unused plant parts from farms › -Saw dust and bark from lumber mills › -animal wastes
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-because it comes from living matter, it contains stored solar energy, just as fossil fuels do. -however energy is much less concentrated
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- new technologies are needed to turn biomass into a cost-efficient energy source.
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1. it can be burned in a power plant to produce electricity 2. if it decays it produces methane gas, which can be collected and transported to power plants 3. biofuels- unwanted parts of corn plants can be used to make ethanol, a type of alcohol, that can be burned as fuel
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4. You can make biomass at home by composting. -ex. Place grass clippings, food scraps, and unwanted cotton fabric into compost bin or pile. -when these materials decay, they create a nutrient-rich material to fertilize.
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1. When biomass burns, it creates much less air pollution than fossil fuels. 2. Keeps it from taking space in landfills
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