1. The Psychological Approach:Freud

2. Aims: (1)Psychological theories. (2)Examples and how readers apply this mode of interpretation enhance their understanding of literature. Approaches Limitations Traditional approachOverlook the structural intricacies Formalistic approachNeglect historical and sociological contexts Psychological approachAesthetic inadequacy I. Aims and Principles

3. During the twentieth century, the psychological criticism has come to be associated with the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud. Abuses and misunderstandings are derived from this association. Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

4. Excess of enthusiasm(exaggerate the role) arose the abuses and misunderstandings. Abuses and Misunderstandings 1 Build farfetched relationship between the literature and the psychoanalytic theories to the exclusion of all others. 2 The psychoanalytic extremists make their literary criticism become occultism. 3 Literary scholars, understood the principles of psychological imperfectly. Professional psychologists,had little feeling for literature as art.

5. Freud's Theories

6. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychologist, neurologist, doctor of medicine. The father of psychoanalysis Created the clinical treatment of psychopathology Goethe Prize in 1930 Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1856-1939) Introduction

8. Martha Bernays 图片来源 http://www.lifeweek.com.cn/2014/0211/44016.shtml

9. Berggasse19 伯格街 19 号 图片来源 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud#Earl y_career_and_marriage

10. Anna Freud, Marie Bonaparte, Freud, Peter Prince On their way to London, stopped in Paris. 图片来源： http://www.lifeweek.com.cn/2014/0211/44016.shtml

11. Study on Hysteria (1895) 《癔症研究》 The Interpretation of Dreams(1899) 《梦的解析》 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality(1905) 《性学三论》 "The Sexual Aberrations " 《性变态》 "Infantile Sexuality" 《幼儿性欲》 "The Transformations of Puberty" 《青春期的改变》 Totem and Taboo (1913) 《图腾与禁忌》 On Narcissism (1914) 《论自恋》 Introduction to Psychoanalysis （ 1917 ）《精神分析引论》 Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) 《超越快乐原则》 The Ego and the Id （ 1923 ）《自我与本我》 The Future of an Illusion （ 1927 ）《一个幻觉的未来》 Civilization and Its Discontents(1930) 《文明与缺憾》 Moses and Monotheism (1939) 《摩西与一神教》 Major Works

12. Spiritual Hierarchy 精神层次理论 (Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious) Personality Structure 人格结构理论（ Id, Ego, Superego ） Psychosexuality 性心理理论 ( 5 stages of sexual psychology’s development) Psychotherapy 心理治疗法 (Free Association, Dream Interpretation, Transference) Major Theories

13. Conscious 意识 Preconscious 前意识 Unconscious 潜意识 Levels of Consciousness

14. 图片来源： http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L8-3TopographyMindIceberg.html

15. 1 Most of the individual's mental processes are unconscious. 2 All human behavior is motivated ultimately by sexuality, libido or sexual energy. 3 Sexual impulses are restricted by the powerful social taboos, Many of our desires and memories are repressed. Three Premise( 三大前提 )

16. Mental Process: Three Psychic Zones 图片来源 http://www.guancha.cn/BrunoBettelheim/2015_08_22_331553_2.shtml

17. Id 本我 [id] The reservoir of libido. "We have defined the concept of libido as a quantitatively variable force which could serve as a measure of processes and transformations occurring in the field of sexual excitation" (Freud 1905). The primary source of all psychic energy( 精神能量 ), the source of all our aggressions and the desires. According to Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, the Libido is identified as psychic energy. It is the energy that manifests itself in the life process and is perceived subjectively as striving and desire. (Ellenberger, 697) 在瑞士精神病学家荣格看来，力比多等同于心灵 能量。力比多在生命过程当中表现自身，并被主 观地认知为斗争与欲望。 Ellenberger F. Henri (1970). The discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books Adler asserted that the single "drive" or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience was not sex, but the striving for what he termed superiority, which he later defined as striving for perfection. ( new world encyclopedia ) 向权力意志这种天生的内驱力, 力图做 — 个没 有缺陷的、完善的人。 http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/ent ry/Carl_Jung 图片来源： https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/freud2.htm

18. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, it seeks for immediate pleasure and gratification. Freud explains this inaccessible part as a chaos/cauldron. The id is lawless, asocial and amoral. It can lead us to destruction and even self destruction. Id 本我

19. Before Freud, the force of seeking instinctual gratification was recognized. It was regarded as the supernatural and external force. A rambunctious child is “full of devil.”( 十足的小魔鬼 ) Self-indulgence, self-injury caused by the uncontrolled impulses can be found in a young children/neurotic adults.

20. Ego 自我 The rational governing agent of the psyche.( 支配理性的媒介 ) It can help to keep impulses by the id under control in order to avoid unpleasant consequence. Even though the large portion of the ego is unconscious, it is regarded as a part of the conscious mind. It was governed by the reality principle. It stands for reason and circumspection, while the id stands for untamed passion. Intermediary( 调解者 ).

21. Superego 超我 It is the moral censoring agency.( 道德检查媒介 ) It is the repository of conscience and pride. （良心与自尊心） The representitave of all moral restrictions,the advocate of the impulse toward perfection, the highest things.( 代表一切道德约束， 提倡追求完美、高尚事物的冲动 ) It is dominated by morality principle. The large portion of it is unconscious.

22. superego parental influenceact directly/through the ego repress/inhibit the drives of id overactive supergo guilt complex Superego Ego Id devils angles/creatures of absolute social conformity maintain the balance between superego and ego

23. Henry A. Murray used Freudian tripartition to analyze the Moby-Dick In Nomine Diaboli. The embodiment of the strict conscience of new England Puritanism—White whale. Superego of Melville. Captain Ahab, A Monomaniac. (rapacious and uncontrollable id) Sane Christian, Starbuck mediate between Moby- dick and Ahab, symbolizes a balanced and sensible rationalism(ego). Examples of Application

24. Following the way of Freud's interpretation of dreams,the psychoanalytic critic trends to: Images Symbolic Interpretation concave images(ponds/flowers/cups/vases)female/yonic symbols length exceeds their diameter(towers/mountain peaks/snakes) male/phallic symbols dancing/riding/flyingsexual pleasure Sexual Theories and Symbolic Interpretation

25. In The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe: A Psyche-Analytic Interpretation. Marie Bonaparte interprets the figure of Psyche in Ulalume as an ambivalent figure. Psyche’s dropping trailing wings— Poe’s physical impotence. In the Forgotton Language, Erich Fromm’s analyzed the symbol of Little Red Riding Hood. Wolf—Male The action of swallowing the little girl—Sexual activity Of cypress ， I roamed with my Soul -- Of cypress ， with Psyche ， my Soul. …….. Oh ， fly ！ -- let us fly ！ -- for we must." In terror she spoke ， letting sink her Wings until they trailed in the dust; In agony sobbed ， letting sink her Plumes till they trailed in the dust ， Till they sorrowfully trailed in the dust. Examples of Application

26. Intense sexual experience exists in the period of infancy and childhood. These zones are associated with the pleasure in stimulation /gratification of our vital needs. StageAge RangeErogenous Zone Oral （口唇期） Birth – 18 MonthsMouth Anal （肛门期） 18 Months – 3 YearsAnus Phallic （生殖器期） 3 Years – 5 YearsGenitals Latency （潜伏期） 6 Years – Early TeensLess active, ego/superego Genital （生殖期） Teens-Adulthood If previous stages were successful, libidinal energies should remain focused on genitals. Mutually satisfying relationships are central to this stage. Child Psychology Development

27. Stagefixation Oral Adults who are orally fixated might eat, smoke, or drink to cope with anxiety. Anal Anally fixated adults might become obsessive or compulsively neat, or they may become messy and destructive. Phallic Men fixated at this stage may become overly aggressive or overly passive; women may become flirtatious or seductive. Latency Generally there are no fixations linked to the latent period since it is a time of relatively little psychosexual development. Genital Freud suggested that the genital fixation was actually what people should be striving to achieve. Becoming fixated at this stage means a person is ready for a long-lasting, loving, sexual relationship and to form strong attachments with romantic partners. premature weaning fastidious behavior ： strict toilet training) the hero’s keep recording and orderliness in Robinson Crusoe Fixation

28. Oedipus Complex

29. King Laius of Thebes Queen Jocasta Oedipus prophecy King Polybus of Corinth Queen Merope shepherd left Corinth for Thebes older man Sphinx Riddle “What animal walks on four legs in the morning ， on two at noon ， and on three at night ？ ” 2 daughters 2 sons Man: as an infant, he crawls on all fours; as an adult, he walks on two legs and; in old age, he uses a 'walking' stick". A plague, truth. Jocasta hanged herself. Oedipus blinded himself.

30. Around age 5, Oedipus complex appears. Oedipus complex derives from the boy’s unconsciousness rivalry with his father for the love of his mother. In The Ego and the Id, Freud said that the boy deals with his father by identifying himself with him firstly. When sexual wishes in regard to his mother becomes more intense, and his father perceived as an obstacle, Oedipus complex would produce. An ambivalent attitude to his father. An object-relation of a solely affectionate kind to his mother. Oedipus Complex

31. A fear of castration/an identification of the father with strict authority Lesser interpreted My Kinsman Major Molineux as a symbolic rebellion against the father figure. Hostility to Authority “The contagion was spreading among the multitude, when, all at once, it seized upon Robin, and he sent forth a shout of laughter that echoed through the street- every man shook his sides, every man emptied his lungs, but Robin's shout was the loudest there.” Robin expresses his resentment of paternal authority by joining against Molineux, neglects the moral implications of his unprovoked hostility. A mixture of love and hate is expected from the oedipal conflict in a young man. Peter shawn. Fathers, Sons, and the Ambiguities of Revolution in "My Kinsman, Major Molineux“(561)

32. The Psychological Approach in Practice

33. Ernest Jones, The Hamlet and Oedipus. Argument on his delay in killing his uncle. Internal circumstances A hero’s unavailing fight against a disordered mind. Hamlet: The Oedipus Complex (1) A psychoneurotic—manic-depressive hysteria combined with abulia, who repressed his Oedipal feelings. Hamlet does not fulfill his duty until absolutely forced to do so by physical circumstances, even only after his mother’s death. (2)Strong misogyny. His attitude to Opehelia. His almost physical revulsion to sex. ( 性行为的生理反感 )

34. An Ambivalent Attitude to His Father ● The ghost(good/lovable father with whom the boy identifies),conscious ideal fatherhood. ● (III.iv)(p135) ● Claudius(the hated father as tyrant/rival) ● His view to him represents his hostility toward his father as a rival for his mother’s affection. ● A Symbolic perpetrator, the same as his unconscious motives (kill F/incest with M) ● Kill Claudius=kill himself ● Jones’ idea (incest and parricide)(p136) ● Norman N. Holland, summed up the reasons(p136)

35. Misogyny is the hatred or dislike of women or girls.(Wikipedia)sexual discrimination, belittling of women, violence against women.womengirls 1.His mother’s abnormally sensual affection for him caused his Oedipal neurosis. 2.His incestuous impulses are repressed, which influenced the attitude toward all the women. Misogyny ● His outburst against Ophelia expressed his bitter resentment against his mother ● Get thee to a nunnery. Get thy ways to a nunnery. Get thee to a nunnery. If thou dost marry, I’ll give thee this plague for thy dowry.(3.1) ● Nunnery( Elizabethan slang for brothel ) ● Two opposite pictures of his mother’s image (infantile unconscious effects) 1.A virginal Madonna (inaccessible) 2.A sensual creature(accessible) ● Sexual repression is highly pronounced, both of them are hostile. the pure one, indifferent the sensual one, guiltiness

36. Rebellion against the Father in Huckleberry Finn

37. Similarities of the two Works The theme of rebellion—a hostile treatment of the father figure. The death of the father figure brings a curious sense of relief/release for the reader. From the psychoanalytic viewpoint, all the rebellion is in essence a rejection of parental, especially paternal authority.

38. From the Sociological viewpoint, Huck rebels against the unjust, inhumane restrictions of a society. His father, the lowest denominator of social authority. His escape from his father is similar with Jim’s escape from Miss Watson Rebellion and Escape From the symbolic perspective, the aim of their escape is to gain freedom and regain the prelapsarian bliss. In order to reach their aim, they must escape.

39. Similarities between Pap Finn and Miss Watson Similarities Pap FinnMiss Watson Extremes of authority the most contemptible the most respectable Social & legal morality The sole guardian by law Hold near-absolute power over Huck/ Jim An authority condoned by society Authority Superego Huck refused to turn Jim in to authorities. They escaped the oppressive tyranny/cruel restraints.( 超我的压迫暴虐与残忍束缚 )

40. ★ Linked analogy between the structure of this novel and the Freudian structure of the human psyche. ★ James M. Cox, fake murder—without identity—rebirth at the river bend—recreate himself. Images/ events in the novelPsychoanalytic Interpretation River female/maternal imagery Dark & mysterious serenity of the river(P139) prenatal state & death The tension between land & waterconscious & unconscious Huck’s escape finds the symbolic mother in the river returns to the womb and undergoes symbolic death and rebirth

41. Jim, a hermaphroditic figure. Blackness—darkness (death, the unconscious & the maternal ） Jim’s qualities are more maternal than paternal. (gentleness/loyalty/kindness)

42. Philip Young has detected similarities between Huck’s plight and the Hemingway hero. A man who lives correctly, following the certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man. Huck, the wounded child is scarred by traumas of death and violence. A Story of the Child as victim An excessive exposure to violence and death produced a compulsive fascination with dying, an ideal symbol for it. This ideal symbol is the dark river. Freudian death instinct: all the living things return to the nonliving state and thereby achieve permanent surcease from the pain of living. 生命的诞生既催生了维持生命的意愿，也导致了趋向死亡的冲动。《自我与本我》

43. Thank you!