1. 1 TOWARDS INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: The role of STI Launch of the KAPAP and EAAPP KSMS, Nairobi, June 2, 2010 Dr. Ephraim A. Mukisira Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

2. 2 Presentation Outline Highlights on Agricultural Productivity Programmes CAADP, FAAP and Kenya’s Vision 2030 Examples of Technical breakthroughs through application of STI Challenges to realizing agricultural productivity The need for a transformed NARS, Education and Technology Transfer Systems Conclusions

3. 3 CAADP African vision: 6% annual growth in agricultural production 4. agricultural research technology dissemination & adoption 1.Land and water Extending area for sustainable land mgt & water Control systems 2. Market access Improving rural Infrastructure and Trade related capacities 3. Increasing Food supply And Reducing Hunger

4. 4 CAADP pillar IV Objective Strengthen agricultural knowledge systems in delivering profitable and sustainable technologies that are widely adopted by farmers resulting in sustained agricultural growth

5. 5 ADVANCING CAADP PILLAR IV

6. 6 The Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (FAAP) To achieve While working with 1. Evolution and reform of agricultural institutions and services 2. Increasing the scale of Africa’s investment 3. Aligned and coordinated support Extension, research, training and education African governments, Private sector Development agencies, International financing institutions

7. 7 Integrated agricultural research approach Farmers National agriculture knowledge systems How do we achieve the objective of pillar IV through a paradigm shift …. Technological Package approach Research Extension Farmer

8. 8 Resources required for Pillar IV Committed budgetary allocation and % contribution to research Sufficient investment in institutional and human capacity building of researchers Sustained and permanent support for research generation and dissemination activities Sufficient investment in farmers’ organisations to impact effectively on agricultural production and commercialization. Sufficient investment to support development and utilization of efficient extension delivery service in all parts of the continent

9. 9 Kenya’s Vision 2030 (Gakuru 2006) A globally competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life by 2030 Overarching vision Economic To maintain a sustained economic growth of 10% p.a over the next 25 years Social A just and cohesive society enjoying equitable social development in a clean and secure environment Political An issue-based, people-centred, result-oriented, and accountable democratic political system Strategy Plans and implement ation Vi si o n Strateg y Master Plan Implementation Science, Technology & Innovation

10. 10 Why is Science Important? Underpins improvements in human welfare, through technologies for health, food production, engineering and communication Solving problems created by human activity, such as environmental degradation and climate change Allows us to move forward through incremental improvements in technology Allows us to leap forward, through fundamental scientific discoveries creating new platforms for technology (genetic revolution and consequent development of biotechnologies

11. 11 Role of STI in Agricultural Development Crop and livestock improvement Improved crop/livestock Management Control of Crop/Livestock Pests and Diseases National resource management including environment conservation Processing Marketing Information and Communication Training Disaster prevention and management

12. 12 Strategies for mainstreaming STI in sectors of the Economy Strengthening Capacities of STI institutions (personnel, equipment etc) Creating a pool of highly skilled human resource that is relevant to the economy Intensifying innovation in priority sectors by increasing funding to research and creating linkages to industry Promoting awareness of new ideas and discoveries to the general public

13. 13 Transforming a Crop

14. 14 Contribution of Science to Agric. Development Challenges Breeding of high yielding varieties of crops has transformed food security globally. Integrated pest management has increased rice yields and reduced pesticide usage. Using a vaccine to eliminate rinderpest has removed a major risk to pastoralists and livestock farmers.

15. 15

16. 16 Challenges to optimizing agricultural productivity Inadequate policy and legal frameworks Ineffective extension service-poor coverage Low application of modern technology Climate change Inadequate market and market infrastructure Low application of key inputs Poor infrastructure (e.g roads etc.)

17. 17 NARS: Issues of concern Fragmented Research Systems Weak linkages among research institutions, Universities and IARCs. Ineffective coordination of research (leads to duplication of research and resource wastage). Weak outreach programmes Non-conducive S&T policies

18. 18 R&D spending as a percent of GDP in various countries

19. 19 Intensity of Agricultural R&D Spending and capacity Sources: IFPRI-KARI 2009

20. 20 Current agricultural research status in Kenya 31 agencies engaged in agricultural research 1012 full time equivalent researchers KARI accounts for approximately 53% Other Public Research Institutions 20% Higher Education accounts for 23% Non-Profit organ. Account for 4% Source: KARI-IFPRI (2009)

21. 21 Major NARS aspects to be addressed Making the NARS institution more pluralistic Effective engagement of the private sector (especially agro-processing companies). Increased efficiency and productivity of public organizations Effective mechanisms for research funding that fosters excellence through competition and collaboration Knowledge management to ensure that the NARS does not just focus on developing technologies, but on robust innovations based on the existing knowledge.

22. 22 NARS: Issues of Concern (cont’d) Exists weak linkages between the Universities, NARIs, Key extension agents, private sector and farmers. Thus there exists an opportunity for the NARS to try on innovative dissemination pathways (for example KARI’s Demand Innovation model). Inadequate staffing and funding

23. 23 Areas for NARS collaboration Joint Identification of constraints, formulation and implementation of priority research Capacity building (long-term and skills development) Sharing physical facilities and existing manpower Joint Formulation of Proposals to win research grants Developing effective technology delivery pathways with the participation of extension workers Joint conduct of impact and adoption studies.

24. 24 Agric. Sector Dev. Strategy (ASDS): the re-orientation of NARS Strong NARS is viewed as a national framework that would foster an effective engagement of a broad range of individuals and organizations contributing to agricultural knowledge and innovation system This NARS should ensure that demand-driven knowledge, information and technologies are provided and increasingly used by the sector The NARS should further adopt the Agricultural Product Value Chains-partners would thus contribute effectively along the chain where they have a comparative advantage.

25. 25 Re-invigorated NARS focus Increased responsiveness to clients needs Empower various agricultural sector stakeholders to demand, uptake and scale-up research products Brokerage of knowledge, information and technology Operate an effective M&E system to collate useful feedbacks on research implementation and on the views of the beneficiaries Piloting enterprise incubators in rural market towns and centres in collaboration with the private sector Establishment of Science Parks

26. 26 Figure 2. Life–long learning is essential. Capacity Building: Issues of Concern

27. 27 Figure 3. IILRI-SLU Illustration of the project idea.

28. 28 Key challenges to agricultural faculties Curriculum change to embrace cutting-edge science and shifts in the level of commercialization and intensification of agriculture. Considerations on biotechnology. Promoting agricultural courses to able students Lowering the cost of post-graduate trainings Improving the research and a teaching infrastructure Strengthening the linkages with the private sector

29. 29 Reforms – An Opportunity to Optimize the Res, Training and Ext. System Extension Agric. Research Education system University Research Research System Michelson et al (ISNAR 2003) AKIS

30. 30 Working with partners toward the realisation of Vision 2030 The APVC Approach

31. 31 Thika Complex-CoE for Horticulture

32. 32 Options for sustainable funding for Research and Extension System Establishment of an agricultural research and development trust fund for competitive grants Introduction of Advisory and user service fee charges Establishment of business enterprises; e.g. UNES in UoN and ARIS in KARI; establishment of science parks Enhanced commercialization of agricultural production Contracts for private research Increased allocation of grants by the government-to be competed for (e.g. NCST) Research levies on commercial agric. Commodities Royalties on technologies.

33. 33 Outcome of a re-invigorated Agric. Res & Extn system in Kenya Increased responsiveness to clients needs Empower various agricultural stakeholders to demand, uptake and scale-up research products. Operate an effective M&E system to collate useful feedbacks on research implementation and on the views of beneficiaries. Pilot enterprise, with the private sector, incubators in rural market towns and centres

34. 34 CONCLUSION An effective Research and extension system is key to agricultural development. Res. and Extn systems in developing countries should strategically position themselves to adapt to the changing demands by clients. Universities and NARIs should forge closer collaboration for increased agricultural productivity. University and agricultural training should become well integrated into national innovational systems. Sustainable funding initiatives should be developed and promoted.

35. 35 PARTNERSHIPS Engaging private Sector- Seed Growers Extensionists and Researchers working with farmers Maize crop

36. 36 The World Bank Development Partners

37. 37 THANK YOU