© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 6 General Anatomy and Physiology

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. WHY STUDY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY? 1.As a profession in the world of cosmetology, the services you perform will, almost without exception, affect the bones, muscles, and nerves of the body. 2. It is absolutely essential that you understand the basic anatomy and physiology of the human body in order to perform all services safely and effectively. 3. Your knowledge and understanding of this important subject will also gain your clients’ trust and confidence in your credibility and, as with all other subjects studied in this course, increase the revenues you generate in the salon.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy The study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts. Physiology The study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Histology The study of tiny structures found in living tissues. Also known as microscopic anatomy. Cells The basic units of all living things, from bacteria, plants, and animals to human beings. Cells carry out all life processes and reproduce. They vary in size, shape, and purpose.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Composition Cells of all living things are composed of protoplasm, a colorless jellylike substance in which proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.protoplasm

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Structure NUCLEUS : The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of cells; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. CYTOPLASM: All the protoplasm of a cell except that in the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food materials necessary for growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the cell. CENTROSOME: Small, round body in the cytoplasm; controls the transportation of substances in and out of cells, and affects reproduction of cells. CELL MEMBRANE: The cell wall; a delicate protoplasmic material that encloses a living plant or animal cell, and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Construction Cells become Tissues Tissues become Organs Organs become Systems CELLS >>>TISSUES>>>ORGANS>>>SYSTEMS

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Mitosis Cell reproduction and division When cells divide in half they are called “daughter cells”

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce. Centrioles move to each side during the mitosis process to help divide the cell.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cell Metabolism A chemical process that takes place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. Anabolism Catabolism Homeostasis building up larger molecules from smaller ones breaking down of complex compounds within cells to smaller ones the simultaneous activity of anabolism and catabolism that maintains normal, internal stability in organs. It controls the temperature of the body.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissues There are four types : A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Body tissues are composed of 60 to 90 percent water. 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Serves to support, protect, and bind together other tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, fascia (which separates muscles), and fat or adipose tissue. 2. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin, mucous membranes, linings of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissues 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE: Contracts and moves various parts of the body. 4. NERVE TISSUE: Carries messages to and from the brain, and controls and coordinates all body functions. CELLS >>>TISSUES>>>ORGANS>>>SYSTEMS Everybody say……..

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organs Groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function BRAINCONTROLS THE BODY EYESCONTROL THE VISION HEARTCIRCULATES THE BLOOD KIDNEYSEXCRETE WASTE

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ORGANS LUNGSSUPPLY OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD LIVERREMOVES WASTES AND TOXINS FROM FOOD WE EAT AND DIGEST SKINFORMS PROTECTIVE BODY COVERING LARGEST ORGAN OF THE BODY STOMACH /INTESTINES DIGESTS FOOD

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organs (continued) Everybody say…….. CELLS >>>TISSUES>>>ORGANS>>>SYSTEMS

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Body Systems Body Systems are a group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions Circulatory – controls circulation of blood Digestive – changes food into nutrients and wastes Endocrine – affects growth and development Excretory – eliminates waste

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Systems (Body Systemscontinued) Integumentary – regulates body temperature, everything outside the body, hair/nails, glands and sensory receptors Muscular – covers, shapes, supports skeletal tissue Nervous – controls/coordinates all systems Brain, spinal cord and nerves Reproductive – produces offspring Respiratory – enables breathing Skeletal – provides physical body foundation

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Systems (continued) Page116

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System The skeletal system forms the physical foundation of the body. It is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Composition 1/3 Organic matter – cells and blood 2/3 Mineral matter – mainly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. OstOsteology eology The study of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones. Os means “bones.” FACT: Bones are the hardest tissue in the body

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Primary Functions of Skeletal System 1. Gives shape and support to body 2. Protects internal structures and organs 3. Acts as frame where muscles attach 4. Acts as levers to produce body movement 5. Helps produce white and red blood cells (a function of bone marrow) 6. Stores minerals

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Joints Joints are the connections between two or more bones of the skeleton. Movable – such as elbows, knees, and hips Immovable – such as pelvis or skull We have 230 movable and semimovable joints in our bodies.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Skull The Skull is the skeleton of the head. There are 2 parts of the skull. 1. Cranium – Bony case that protects brain 2. Facial skeleton – framework of face composed of 14 bones

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Cranium Occipital – forms back of skull above nape Parietal – forms sides and top of cranium Frontal – forms the forehead Temporal – forms sides of head in ear area Ethmoid – between eye sockets Sphenoid – joins all cranium bones Ethmoid and sphenoid bones are not affected when performing services or giving a massage.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Face Nasal – form bridge of nose (2) Lacrimal – front, inner wall of eye sockets (2) Zygomatic or Malar – form prominence of cheeks (2) Maxillae – upper jaw (2) Mandible – lower jawbone; largest and strongest facial bone Vomer – forms part of the nasal septum

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Neck Hyoid – supports tongue and muscles (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue Cervical vertebrae – located in neck region (7)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, and Back Thorax – protects heart and lungs Ribs – form wall of the thorax (12 pairs) Scapula – large, flat, triangular bones of the shoulder (2) Sternum – breastbone; supports ribs Clavicle – joins sternum and scapula

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Arm and Hand Phalanges – bones of the fingers (14 in each hand ) Metacarpus – bones of palm (5) Carpus – bones of wrist (8 irregular bones) Ulna – inner and larger bone of forearm Radius – smaller bones on thumb side of forearm Humerus – largest arm bone, from shoulder to elbow

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Arm and Hand (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Leg Femur – long bone above knee Patella – kneecap Tibia – larger bone below knee (anklebone on big toe side of foot) Fibula – smaller bone below knee (anklebone on little toe side of foot)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Foot Ankle joint – composed of tibia, fibula, and talus (anklebone) Tarsal – bones of the ankle (7) Metatarsal – like metacarpal bones of the hand (5) Toe phalanges – bones of the toes (14 in each foot)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bones of the Foot (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscular System The study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles (fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract). The human body has over 600 muscles responsible for 40 percent of the body’s weight.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscular Tissue Striated muscles – skeletal muscles Nonstriated muscles – smooth muscles Cardiac muscle – the heart 3 TYPES

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscular Tissue Striated Muscle: Striped; skeletal or voluntary tissue controlled by the will. They create heat and energy during muscle contraction, assist in maintaining body’s posture, and protect some internal organs: Examples: facial, arm, leg muscles. Skeletal muscles comprise about 23 percent of a woman’s body weight and about 40 percent of a man’s body weight.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nonstriated Muscle: Involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles. They function automatically, without conscious thought or will. Found in the internal organs such as the digestive or respiratory system. Muscular Tissue

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cardiac Muscle Found ONLY in the heart. It powers the action that pumps blood throughout the body. The cardiac muscle is involuntary; it cannot be consciously controlled.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Parts Origin – where muscle is attached to an immovable section of the skeleton Insertion – the portion of the muscle at the movable attachment Belly – the middle of the muscle Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stimulation of Muscles Massage: By hand or electric vibrator. Electric current: High-frequency and faradic current. Light rays: Infrared and ultraviolet rays. Heat rays: Heating lamps and caps. Moist heat: Steamers and steamed towels. Nerve impulses: Through the nervous system. Chemicals: Certain acids and salts.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scalp Muscles Epicranius or Occipitofrontalis – covers top of skull Occipitalis – back part of scalp Frontalis – front part of scalp; raises eyebrows Epicranial aponeurosis – connects occipitalis and frontalis

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Ear Auricularis superior – draws ear upward Auricularis anterior – draws ear forward Auricularis posterior – draws ear backward

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of Mastication (chewing) These muscles coordinate in opening and closing of the mouth; they’re referred to as the chewing muscles. Masseter Temporalis

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Neck Muscles PLATYSMA: Broad muscle that extends from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; depresses lower jaw and lip, as in sadness. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS: Extends from collar and chest bones to temporal bone in back of ear; lowers and rotates head, as in nodding.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Eyebrow Muscles ORBICULARIS OCULI: Ring muscle of the eye socket; allows the eye to close. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII: Muscle beneath frontalis and orbicularis oculi; draws the eyebrow down and in and wrinkles the forehead vertically.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Nose Procerus – covers bridge of nose; lowers eyebrows; causes wrinkles across bridge of nose Other nasal muscles – contract and expand nostrils and are not a concern to the cosmetologist

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Mouth Buccinator – compresses cheeks and expels air between lips Depressor labii inferioris – draws lower lip to one side Levator anguli oris – raises angle of mouth and draws it inward Levator labii superioris – elevates upper lip and dilates nostrils

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Mouth (continued) Mentalis – elevates lower lip and raises and wrinkles skin of chin Orbicularis oris – compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips Risorius – draws corners of mouth out and back, as in grinning

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Mouth (continued) Triangularis – pulls down the corner of the mouth Zygomaticus major – pulls the mouth upward and backward for smiling Zygomaticus minor – pulls the upper lip backward, upward, and outward when smiling

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. MUSCLES ATTACHING ARMS TO BODY Trapezius: Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm. Latissimus dorsi: Broad, flat superficial muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; controls the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pectoralis major and minor: Cover front of chest; assist in swinging movements of the arm. Serratus anterior: Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. SHOULDER AND ARM MUSCLES Deltoid: Large, thick triangular-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder joint and allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body. Biceps: Two-headed muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts forearm, flexes elbow, and turns palm outward. Triceps: Three-headed muscle that covers entire back of upper arm and extends forearm.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. SHOULDER AND ARM MUSCLES Pronator: Found in forearm; turns hand inward so palm faces downward. Supinator: Found in forearm; turns hand outward so palm faces upward. Flexors: Bend and flexes the wrist, draws hand up, and closes fingers toward forearm. Extensors: Straighten wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Shoulder and Arm Muscles (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Hand Abductor – separates fingers Adductor – draws fingers together

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lower Leg Muscles Extensor digitorum longus – bends foot up and extends toes Extensor hallucis longus – extends big toe and flexes foot P eroneus longus – inverts foot and turns it downward Tibialis anterior – bends foot upward and inward

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lower Leg Muscles (continued) Peroneus brevis – bends foot down and out Gastrocnemius – attached to lower rear surface of heel and pulls foot down Soleus – bends foot down

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Foot Muscles Flexor digiti minimi brevis – moves little toe Flexor digitorum brevis – moves toes for balance while walking and standing Abductor hallucis – moves toes and for balance while walking and standing Abductor digiti minimi – separates toes

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nervous System Neurology – the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system Nervous system – controls and coordinates the functions of other systems, making them work harmoniously and efficiently

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Divisions of the Nervous System Cerebrospinal system – central nervous system Peripheral nervous system – carries messages to/from central nervous system Autonomic nervous system – controls involuntary muscles; regulates smooth muscles Principal parts are the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cerebrospinal system – central nervous system  Also known as the central nervous system. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.  It controls consciousness and all mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting), and voluntary muscle actions, including all body movements and facial expressions.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Peripheral nervous system – carries messages to/from central nervous system Made up of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system. It has both sensory and motor nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Autonomic nervous system – controls involuntary muscles; regulates smooth muscles glands, blood vessels, and heart.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Brain and Spinal Cord The brain is the largest mass of tissue in the body. Its average weight is 44 to 48 ounces. The brain contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which all originate in the brain and reach various parts of the head, face, and neck. The spinal cord originates in the brain. It is enclosed and protected by the spinal column. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which extend from the spinal cord to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nerve Cell Structure and Function Neuron or Nerve cell: Primary structural unit of nervous system; composed of cell body and nucleus. Dendrites: Treelike branching of nerve fibers extending from the nerve cell that receives impulses from other neurons. Axon and Axon terminal: Send impulses to other neurons, glands, and muscles. Nerves: Long, whitish cords, made up of bundles of fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Nerves Sensory (afferent) nerves: Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced. Motor (efferent) nerves: Carry impulses from brain to muscles; the transmitted impulses produce movement. Reflex: Automatic response to a stimulus that involves movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along an afferent nerve to the spinal cord, and a responsive impulse along an efferent neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction. Reflexes do not have to be learned.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fifth Cranial Nerve Ophthalmic – supplies impulses to forehead, eyelids, interior scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage Mandibular – affects muscles of the chin, lower lip, and external ear Maxillary – supplies impulses to upper part of face Fifth cranial, trifacial, trigeminal nerve: Largest of cranial nerves; chief sensory nerve of face and motor nerve of muscles that control chewing.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fifth Cranial Nerve (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fifth Cranial Branches Affected by Massage Auriculotemporal – affects external ear and skin above temple Infraorbital – affects lower eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, and mouth Infratrochlear – affects membrane and skin of nose Mentalis – affects skin of lower lip and chin

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nasal – affects point and lower side of nose Supraorbital – affects skin of forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid Supratrochlear – affects skin between eyes and upper side of nose Zygomatic – affects muscles of upper part of cheek Fifth Cranial Branches Affected by Massage (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Seventh Cranial Nerve Chief motor nerve of face; emerges near the lower part of ear; its divisions and branches supply and control the muscles of facial expression and extend to muscles of the neck. Posterior auricular – affects muscles behind ear at base of skull Temporal – affects muscles of temple, side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of cheek (notice drooping of the sides of the mouth, eyebrows and cheek.) Zygomatic – affects muscles of upper part of cheek

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Buccal – affects muscles of the cheek Marginal mandibular – affects muscles of the chin and lower lip Cervical – affects side of neck and platysma

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cervical Nerves Greater occipital – affects scalp Lesser occipital – affects scalp and muscles at base of skull Greater auricular – affects face, ears, neck, and parotid gland Cervical cutaneous – affects front and sides of neck to breastbone Eleventh cranial – controls neck and shoulder motion

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nerves of Arm and Hand Digital – supplies fingers of hand Radial – supplies thumb side of arm and back of hand Median – supplies the arm and hand Ulnar – affects little-finger side of arm and palm of hand

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nerves of Lower Leg and Foot The tibial and common peroneal nerves are divisions of the sciatic nerve. Tibial – supplies impulses to the knee, calf muscles, skin of leg, soles of feet, and underside of toes Common peroneal – extends from behind knee around fibula to front of leg Deep peroneal (anterior tibial) – extends down front of leg behind muscles Superficial peroneal (musculocutaneous) – supplies impulses to muscles and skin of leg and toes and top of foot Dorsal cutaneous – begins with superficial peroneal; supplies impulses to toes and top of foot

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Saphenous – supplies impulses to the skin of inner side of leg and footSaphenous Sural – supplies impulses to the skin of outer side and back of leg and footSural

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Circulatory System Also known as the cardiovascular system or vascular system Controls steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute blood throughout the body

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Heart  A muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps blood moving through the body  The size of a closed fist, weighing approximately 9 ounces Pericardium – encloses the heart Resting heart rate – 60 to 80 times per minute

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Heart Chambers and Valves Right and left atrium – upper, thin-walled chambers that pump blood to ventricles Right and left ventricle – lower, thick-walled chambers Valves – temporarily close a passage or permit blood to flow in only one direction

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Circulation The blood is in constant and continuous circulation from leaving the heart upon returning to the heart. Pulmonary circulation: Brings blood from heart to lungs to be purified. Systemic or general circulation: Carries blood from heart throughout body and back to heart.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood flows from body into right atrium. – From right atrium, blood flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricle. – Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, where it releases waste gases and receives oxygen; blood is then oxygen rich. – Oxygen-rich blood returns to heart, entering left atrium. – From left atrium, blood flows through the mitral valve into left ventricle. – Blood then leaves left ventricle and travels to all body parts. How does the blood flow through our bodies?

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arteries, capillaries, veins are tube-like in construction. They transport blood to and from the heart and then to various body tissues.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Vessels (continued) Arteries: Arterioles: Capillaries: Venules: Veins: Thick-walled muscular and elastic tubes that transport blood to/from heart. The largest artery is the aorta. Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries. Minute, thin-walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins; provide tissues with nourishment and elimination of waste products. Small vessels that connect capillaries to veins. They collect blood from capillaries and drain it into veins. Thin-walled blood vessels; less elastic than arteries. Contain cuplike valves to prevent back flow and carry impure blood from capillaries back to heart; located closer to outer surface of body than arteries.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system; approximately 80 percent water. Composed of red and white corpuscles, platelets, plasma, and hemoglobin  Sticky, salty fluid  Normal temperature of 98.6 ° F  Makes up 1/20th of body weight  About 8 to 10 pints fill adult vessels  Bright red in arteries  Dark red in veins (except pulmonary). Color change due to exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen as blood passes through lungs and circulates through body.  An adult heart beats about 30 million times per year and pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood every day.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Composition Red Corpuscles (red blood cells) : Also known as erythrocytes; produced in red bone marrow; contain hemoglobin (a complex iron protein that gives blood its bright red color); carry oxygen to cells. Blood Platelets: Smaller than red blood cells; important to clotting. Plasma : Fluid part of the blood; straw-like in color; about 90 percent water and contains proteins, sugars, and oxygen; carries food and secretions to cells and carbon dioxide from cells.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Functions 1.Carries water, oxygen, food, secretions to cells 2.Carries away carbon dioxide and waste eliminated through lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestine 3.Helps equalize body temperature 4.Works with immune system 5.Clotting closes injured, prevents excessive blood loss

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck Common carotid arteries: Internal division: External division : Main sources of blood supply to head, face, and neck; located on either side of neck and divided into internal and external carotid arteries. Supplies brain, eye sockets, eyelids, and forehead. Supplies superficial parts of head, face, and neck.  Superficial temporal artery: Continuation of external carotid artery; supplies blood to muscles on front, side, and top of head.  Occipital artery: Supplies blood to skin and muscles of scalp and back of head up to crown.  Posterior auricular artery: Supplies scalp, the area behind and above ear, and skin behind ear.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. (Facial (external maxillary artery) supplies blood to lower region of face, mouth, nose Submental: supplies blood to chin and lower lip Inferior labial: supplies blood to lower lip Angular: supplies blood to side of nose Superior labial: supplies blood to upper lip and region of nose

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Superficial Temporal Artery Frontal – supplies blood to forehead and upper eyelids Parietal – supplies blood to side and crown of head Transverse facial – supplies blood to skin and masseter Middle temporal – supplies blood to temples Anterior auricular – supplies blood to front of ear

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Branches from External Carotid Artery Occipital – supplies blood to skin and muscles of scalp and back of head up to crown Posterior auricular – supplies blood to scalp behind and above ear and skin behind ear

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Veins of Head, Face, and Neck The most important veins of the face and neck are parallel to arteries with the same name. The blood returns to the heart from the head, face, and neck through these two principle veins: Internal jugular: Located at side of neck to collect blood from brain and parts of face and neck. External jugular: Located at side of neck and carries blood returning to heart from head, face, and neck.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Supply for Arm and Hand Ulnar arteries: Supply the little-finger side of arm and palm of hand Radial arteries: Supply the thumb-side of arm and back of hand. Veins lie nearer to surface of arms and hands than arteries do.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Blood Supply for Foot and Leg Popliteal artery – supplies blood to foot Anterior tibial: supplies blood to lower leg muscles and skin on top of foot Posterior tibial: supplies blood to ankles and back of lower leg. Dorsalis pedis – supplies blood to foot

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lymphatic/Immune System Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels Function of Lymphatic System Carries waste and impurities away from cells Protects body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms Drains tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid (blood plasma found in spaces between tissue cells)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Connection to Cardiovascular System Both transport streams of fluids throughout body. Lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed at one end. Lymph Capillaries Blind-end tubes that are the origin of lymphatic vessels Distributed throughout most of the body (except the nervous system) Lymph Nodes Gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels Filter lymphatic vessels, which helps fight infection.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Primary Functions of Lymph Nodes 1.Carry nourishment from blood to cells 2.Act as defense against toxins and bacteria 3.Remove waste material from cells to blood 4.Provide fluid environment for cells

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine System A group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual functions, and health of the entire body Glands – specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Glands Exocrine (duct) – produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts. Sweat and oil glands belong to this group. Endocrine (ductless) – release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. Thyroid and pituitary glands belong to this group. Secretions such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body and influence the welfare of the entire body Hormones

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands and Functions Pineal – impacts sexual development, sleep, and metabolism Pituitary – affects almost every physiologic process (growth, blood pressure, breast-milk production, etc.) Thyroid – controls the body’s metabolism Parathyroid – regulates blood calcium and phosphorus to aid nervous and muscular system Pancreas – secretes enzyme-producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal – secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body Ovaries – female sexual glands that function in reproduction Testes – male sexual glands that function in reproduction

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands and Functions (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Digestive System Also known as the gastrointestinal system. It is responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients and waste. It consists of the stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs. Digestive Enzymes Chemicals that change foods into a soluble form that can be used by the body. The food is then transported by the bloodstream and used by the body’s cells and tissues. The process takes about nine hours to complete.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Excretory System A group of organs, including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, and lungs, that are responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter The metabolism of body cells forms toxic substances that, if retained, could poison the body.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Assisting Organs Kidneys - Liver - Skin - Large intestine - Lungs - excrete urine discharges toxins eliminates waste through perspiration eliminates decomposed and undigested food exhale carbon dioxide

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Respiratory System System consisting of the lungs and air passages that enables respiration, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product The act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lungs Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle. These organs of respiration are located within the chest cavity and are protected on both sides by the ribs. The muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing Diaphragm

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inhalation – breathing inward through nose or mouth, during which oxygen is passed to blood Exhalation – breathing outward, during which carbon dioxide is expelled from lungs Diaphragm (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Integumentary System Made up of the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails Serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reproductive System Includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male Purpose of Reproductive System The reproductive system produces offspring and passes on the genetic code from one generation to another.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of the Reproductive System The reproductive system produces hormones (primarily estrogen in females and testosterone in males). Hormones affect change in skin, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth, pigmentation, and much more.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary and Review Why is the study of anatomy, physiology, and histology important to cosmetologists? Define anatomy, physiology, and histology. Name and describe the basic structures of a cell.

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Explain cell metabolism and its purpose. List and describe the functions of the four types of tissue found in the human body. What are organs? Summary and Review (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. List and describe the functions of the main organs found in the body. Name the 11 main body systems and their functions. List the primary functions of the skeletal system. Summary and Review (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Name and describe the three types of muscle tissue found in the body. Name and describe the types of nerves found in the body and how they work. Name and briefly describe the types of blood vessels found in the body. Summary and Review (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. List and describe the composition of blood. Name and discuss the two main types of glands found in the human body. List the organs of the excretory systems and their functions. Summary and Review (continued)

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. You have completed one unit of study toward course completion. Congratulations!

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible.

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© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible.

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Presentation on theme: "© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible."— Presentation transcript:

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