1. STAAR Refresher Week 4 WWII through Vietnam War

2. WWII 1939 - 1945 Causes: Totalitarianism – Axis nations were totalitarian dictatorships. Scorned democratic ideals: dignity of individual, civil liberties, world peace. Militarism – Axis nations built huge military organizations, devised new weapons and proclaimed war a glorious adventure. Nationalism – Japanese Shinto teachings, Italian dreams of restoring the Roman Empire, and German “master race” doctrines all fostered a narrow and bigoted nationalism Imperialism – Japan expanded into Manchuria in search of land and resources, Italy enlarged her African Empire and Germany annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia in order to dominate Europe and eventually the world!

3. Mussolini – Italy Hitler – Germany,

4. WWII 1939 – 1945 Many Americans were isolationists and wanted to stay out of the War. They believed it was a European matter. Neutrality Act of 1939 – limited involvement in war Destroyer-Naval Base deal with Britain – traded 50 old US destroyers for land to build US Naval bases Lend-Lease Act – substantial aid to Britain, allowed Britain to not have to pay cash up front for supplies June 22, 1941 – Despite the Russo-German Non- Aggression Pact, Hitler ordered a blitzkrieg against Russia. Dec. 7, 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and the US declares war on Japan.

5. WWII 1939 – 1945 Holocaust – Nazis ordered the murder of millions of Jews (Final Solution) and other people including: Gypsies, the disabled, homosexuals, and political opponents of the Nazis. Hitler dreamed of a world ruled by blonde, blue eyed people he called Aryans or the “master race” Hitler built many walled prisons called concentration camps where prisoners were starved and worked to death Over 6 million Jews were killed and 5 million from other groups as well.

6. Jewish prisoners at German (Nazi) concentration camp

7. WWII 1939 – 1945 The Allies Great Britain France USSR (from 1941) United States (from 1941) China The Axis Germany Italy Japan

8. WWII 1939 – 1945 April 1945 – Allied forces crossed into Germany and met up with the Russian forces Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrenders. 1941 – 1945 American forces on an “island- hopping” offensive and eventually captured island bases close enough to launch destructive raids on Japan. Japan still would not surrender. President Truman approved the use of the Atom bomb against Japan. August 6, 1945 dropped on Hiroshima. Between 80,000 – 120,000 people died instantly. Truman declares that he dropped the bombs to fulfill his job of saving American lives, he knew if there was a ground war on Japan many more American soldiers would die.

9. WWII 1939 – 1945 August 9, 1945 Soviet Union declared war on Japan August 9, 1945 US dropped second Atomic bomb on Japan in the city of Nagasaki, killing between 35,000 – 74,000 people. August 15, 1945 Japan surrendered.

10. Mushroom cloud from one of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan during last days of WWII – Aug. 1945

11. WWII 1939 – 1945 Atlantic Charter – (1941) Roosevelt and Churchill issued a statement of principles concerning the future of the world after the war. Yalta Conference – (Feb. 1945) The Big Three: President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Premier Stalin decided upon procedures for voting in the UN Security Council and called upon the United Nations to send delegates to San Francisco to prepare the final Charter. San Francisco Conference – Despite the unexpected death of President Roosevelt, delegates representing 50 states met as planned.

12. WWII 1939 – 1945 Goals of the United Nations: To maintain international peace and security By collective action, remove threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression Develop friendly relations among nations Promote respect for human rights without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Encourage international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.

13. STAAR Test Questions Q. Two reasons for the rise of Nazism in Germany were— a.low tariffs and global economic interdependence b.a longing for the Kaiser and the desire to avoid another war c.the popularity of democratic government and economic prosperity d.the violence of World War I and high unemployment in the Depression Q. Why did President Roosevelt consider December 7, 1941, a “date which will live in infamy”? a.Nazi Germany invaded Poland. b.Japan invaded China. c.Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. d.The United States dropped an atomic bomb.

14. STAAR Test Questions Q. To resolve the problem identified in this excerpt, Japanese leaders agreed to— a.attack Pearl Harbor b.invade the Soviet Union c.drop the atomic bomb d.use V-2 rockets against U.S. cities

15. STAAR Test Questions Q. Which leader was responsible for these decisions? a.Franklin D. Roosevelt b.Dwight Eisenhower c.Douglas MacArthur d.Harry S. Truman

16. Q. What did Stimson mean by this statement? a.American leaders had fooled the Japanese into thinking they were more powerful than they were. b.Skillful use of the atomic bomb had frightened the Japanese into surrender. c.The atomic bomb was not quite as dangerous as many people thought. d.The atomic bomb should never be used again on civilian populations.

17. Q. Which sentence best completes the chart? a.Jewish people are permitted to emigrate with most of their belongings. b.Jewish people are forced to act as personal slaves in non-Jewish homes. c.Jewish people organize popular rebellions to overthrow the Nazi dictatorship. d.Jewish synagogues and businesses are attacked in government-supported riots.

18. Q. Based on this excerpt, with which statement would Justice Black have agreed? a.Individual rights can be restricted if a “clear and present danger” exists. b.Only the Supreme Court can legally deprive citizens of civil rights and liberties. c.Individual rights must be maintained at all costs, even in national emergencies. d.The Supreme Court lacks the power to block executive orders made during wartime.

19. Q. What contribution did Chester A. Nimitz make to the war effort during World War II? a.He acted as Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Western Europe. b.He commanded forces at Pearl Harbor, and later commanded all U.S. Naval forces in the Pacific c.He commanded the Third Army against German forces in Africa and Italy. d.He ordered an end to racial segregation in the U.S. armed services.

20. Q. The situation depicted in this photograph was most likely prompted by— a.conscientious objectors who preferred work on the home front to combat duty b.the demands of dissatisfied women for greater social and economic equality c.the need for workers in industry while others were serving in the armed forces d.new laws that conscripted young women into service on the home front

21. Which set of events is listed in chronological order? A Attack on Pearl Harbor Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima German attack on Poland Defeat of France B Defeat of France Attack on Pearl Harbor German attack on Poland Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima C Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima Attack on Pearl Harbor German attack on Poland Defeat of France D German attack on Poland Defeat of France Attack on Pearl Harbor Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima

22. Cold War 1945 - 1989 A struggle between the democratic nations of the West (US, GB, France) and the nations allied with the Soviet Union Both the Soviet Union and the United States wanted to protect their interests and gain allies around the world. The US and its allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) resisted the communists. The Soviets responded by forming the Warsaw Pact with their Allies. As each side tried to win over other countries, conflicts flared up all over the world. Both the US and the Soviet Union built many nuclear weapons, which they pointed at each other. The Cold War lasted from the end of WWII until 1989, when the Berlin Wall was torn down and Soviet Union Communism ended.

23. Korea 1950s 1945 Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel In North Korea Russians established a Communist government led by the Korean Workers Communist party head Kim Il-Sung, they equipped a powerful army. In South Korea, the UN-supervised elections established an independent anti-Communist government headed by President Syngman Rhee.

24. Korea 1950s June 1950 North Korean Communist invaded South Korea. The UN Security council recommended that UN members furnish military assistance to South Korea. The UN Army consisted chiefly of American and South Korean units, with contingents from 15 other anti-communist nations. Headed by General Douglas MacArthur 1953 – UN and Communist negotiators took two years to agree upon truce terms. The UN claimed that many of its prisoners did not want to return to Communist rule; the Communists insisted upon compulsory repatriation. Finally the conference agreed that all prisoners be given freedom of choice. 2 of every 5 prisoners refused to return to Communist rule.

25. 38 th Parallel where North and South Korea were divided.

26. Between Korea and Vietnam 1956 – Martin Luther King rises as leader of the nonviolent civil rights movement in the US John F. Kennedy elected president - “Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.” 1961 Berlin Wall constructed to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West. 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion by the US fails to free the Caribbean island of Cuba from dictator Fidel Castro 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis – occurs when the US discovers that the Soviet Union has put nuclear missiles in Cuba. Soviets agreed to remove weapons

27. STAAR Test Questions Q. Which of the following was an important underlying cause of the Cold War in Europe? a.The United States and Great Britain had invaded France and western Germany during World War II. b.President Harry Truman personally met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference. c.The United States had a democratic, capitalist system while the Soviet Union was Communist. d.The United States continued to maintain a special relationship with the other countries of the Western Hemisphere.

28. Q. How was the Marshall Plan designed to discourage the spread of Communism in Europe? a.By joining European nations together into the European Union b.By restoring economic stability to the nations of Western Europe c.By providing military assistance to France, Great Britain, and Italy d.By establishing freely elected governments in Poland and Czechoslovakia

29. Q Which sentence best completes this diagram? a.Stalin cut off supply lines to democratic West Berlin. b.Stalin allowed free access to West Berlin by railroad and air. c.Stalin united all the Allied sectors of Berlin under one city government. d.Stalin had a wall built in Berlin to separate East and West Berliners.

30. Q. The map above shows two alliances. Based on the map, which action might have triggered American intervention in 1956? a.Soviet repression of an anti-Communist government in Hungary b.A declaration of independent statehood by Algeria in North Africa c.Soviet intervention in support of a local Communist party in Turkey d.The outbreak of an armed conflict between Rumania and Bulgaria

31. Q. Which event sparked these changes? a.The Soviet Union launched its satellite, Sputnik, into space. b.Mao Zedong led a successful Communist revolution in China. c.North Korea crossed the 38th parallel to invade South Korea. d.Senator Joseph McCarthy announced the discovery of “Reds” in the State Department.

32. Q. Which individual shocked Americans by making this claim in a speech in February 1950? a.A. Mitchell Palmer b.Joseph McCarthy c.John F. Kennedy d.Richard M. Nixon

33. Q. Which action was taken in consequence of this commonly held viewpoint in the 1950s and 1960s? a.Passing the War Powers Act b.Sending troops to South Vietnam c.Attacking China during the Korean War d.Distributing economic aid under the Marshall Plan

34. Q. Which sentence summarizes the outcome of the Korean War? a.North Korea made minor gains in the south but lost territory in the north to China. b.A majority of North Koreans fled south causing a collapse of the North Korean government c.North and South Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel, just as they had been before the war. d.Korea was reunited under a coalition government consisting of Northerners and Southerners.

35. President John F. Kennedy, youngest American president, embraced the “New Frontier” in the areas of technology, science, and social relations. Assassinated Nov. 1963 in Dallas, TX

36. Between Korea & Vietnam (cont’d) 1963 President John F. Kennedy assassinated. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President. 1963 Martin Luther King delivers his “I have a dream …. That my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” 1964 Pres. Johnson re-elected and passes resolution to send thousands of US troops to Vietnam. 1968 Martin Luther King and Senator Robert Kennedy both assassinated 1968 Richard Nixon elected President.

37. Civil Rights Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) – Segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – barred discrimination of many kinds. Voting Rights Act of 1965 – ensured African Americans’ right to vote.

38. Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his “I have a dream,” speech in Washington DC

39. Q. Which of the following best completes the chart? a.African Americans should wait a little longer before seeking social equality. b.African Americans should demand complete political and economic equality. c.African Americans should move to Africa to escape American racism. d.African Americans should use violence to achieve their rights.

40. Q. The action taken by Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1955 most closely resembled the later actions of— a.the “Freedom Riders” in 1961 b.volunteers during “Freedom Summer” in Mississippi in 1964 c.the participants in the “March on Washington” in 1963 d.angry rioters in cities across the nation in 1968

41. Q. Which group was disappointed by the interpretation given to the terms of the 15th Amendment? a.Women suffragists b.Northern industrialists c.African-American freedmen d.Radical Republicans in Congress

42. Q. Which organizations sought to overturn the conditions shown in this photograph by peaceful means? a.Ku Klux Klan and the Nation of Islam b.NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality c.SNCC and the Black Panthers d.AFLO-CIO and the Urban League

43. Q. This timeline supports the conclusion that— a.many organizations promoted the movement for civil rights b.fewer civil rights organizations were formed in the North c.African Americans refused to act with members of other races d.divisions among African Americans made their efforts unsuccessful

44. Q. Which of the following are some of the ways that civil rights organizations fought against racial discrimination in the 1950s and early 1960s? a.Submission and vocational education b.Marches and “Freedom Rides” c.Strikes and kidnappings d.Terrorism and violence

45. The road to social justice for the farm worker is the road of unionization. Our cause, our strike against table grapes and our international boycott are all founded upon our deep conviction that the form of collective self-help, which is unionization, holds far more hope for the farm worker than any other single approach, whether public or private. Q. The excerpt above is from a speech on the problems of migrant farm workers. Which leader proposed unionization as the answer for these workers? a.Cesar Chavez b.Malcolm X c.Martin Luther King, Jr. d.Rosa Parks

46. Q. Which activist is correctly paired with the political organization he or she helped to found? a.Betty Friedan and the NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association) b.Rosa Parks and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) c.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Student Non- Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) d.Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers

47. Q. The photograph above shows demonstrators attending an event in Washington D.C. in 1963. What was the main purpose of this event? a.To demand an end to racial segregation in the armed services b.To demand that Congress pass President Kennedy’s proposed civil rights bill c.To demand better enforcement of the Supreme Court’s decision to desegregate schools d.To demand reparations for the centuries of oppression experienced by African Americans

48. Q. Which phrase best completes the diagram? a.Opposed African-American participation in elections b.Expressed pride in being African-American c.Proposed emigration to Africa d.Ignored racist attitudes in Northern cities

49. Q. What was Dr. King attempting to explain in this excerpt? a.Why racial segregation and inequality should be ended immediately b.Why African Americans could no longer cooperate with white civil rights activists c.Why gradual social change was better for the country than rapid change d.Why the use of violence for social change was sometimes justified

50. Q. Dr. King and other civil rights leaders expected Southern state governments to obey the Supreme Court’s order in Brown v. Board of Education as the “law of the land.” How could they then justify breaking various state laws through acts of civil disobedience? a.They believed that each individual should decide which laws to obey. b.They saw these other laws as unjust and therefore not as true laws. c.They believed the Brown decision had overruled these laws. d.They intended to separate from the rest of American society.

51. Q.Which headline describes an event that resulted from the violence against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and his followers during their march from Selma, Alabama, in March 1965? a. b. c.d.

52. Q. Governor George Wallace is best known for his— a.efforts to prevent the integration of Little Rock High School b.early support of the racial integration of public schools c.attempts to keep African Americans out of the University of Alabama d.refusal to integrate his restaurant in Georgia

53. Vietnam War Two things convinced Truman to assist France in Vietnam: the fall of China to Communism and the outbreak of war in Korea. President Eisenhower agreed to stay involved because he feared that if Vietnam fell to communism, so too would the other nations of Southeast Asia….. “the domino theory.” President Johnson said he did not want war but was determined to prevent South Vietnam from becoming Communist. 1965 Pres. Johnson expands US involvement US Antiwar movement emerges.

54. Vietnam War 1968 Richard Nixon becomes President 1971 US pulls out of Vietnam 1973 warring sides sign peace agreement, ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam. 1975 North Vietnam united North and South Vietnam under Communist rule. President Ford asked for funds for South Vietnam but Congress refused.

55. Vietnam war

56. Q. The event identified in these headlines was significant because— a.it demonstrated the superiority of U.S. forces over the Vietcong in South Vietnam b.its failure led to disagreements between the Vietcong and the government of North Vietnam c.it showed that the Vietcong were not close to defeat and could mount an attack on South Vietnamese cities d.U.S and South Vietnamese troops were able to force the Vietcong to retreat to North Vietnam

57. Q. Which policy did President Richard Nixon introduce to remove American troops from South Vietnam without abandoning that country to Communist rule? a.Vietnamization b.“Arms for Bases” c.Flexible Response d.Operation Rolling Thunder

58. Which phrase best completes this diagram? a.The “Credibility Gap” b.The Domino Theory c.Factors leading to the Vietnam War d.Responses to the Vietnam War

59. Q. Which amendment gave young Americans being drafted during the Vietnam War a greater political voice? a.18th Amendment b.19th Amendment c.24th Amendment d.26th Amendment

60. Quizlet links