1.  Describe the events in France following the Congress of Vienna, up to the Revolutions of 1848  Describe Russia in the 19 th Century. Be as detailed as possible with specific czars and problems or achievements.

2.  Explain and analyze the events in Europe following the Congress of Vienna through the Revolutions of 1848 and up to the 20 th century. ◦ Be sure to discuss nationalism in all of your analysis, and include France and Russia in your response. ◦ You may not use the book, but you may use any notes relating to the subject material.

3. World History and Geography II

5.  Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe  French revolted (recession, poor harvest, & demand for wider suffrage- -right to vote)  Louis Philippe to abdicate  Created a second republic  Louis Napoleon (nephew) became Emperor of France (Napoleon III)  Second republic ended

6.  Revolts in Paris set off revolutions across Europe  Revolutions went against the traditional monarchies (CONSERVATIVE) ◦ LIBERAL Political Philosophy (suffrage, basic rights, etc.)  Why did the revolutions fail?  Rulers’ use of military force  Revolutionaries did not have mass support ◦ Liberalism vs. Radical/Socialism--Weakened

7.  Unlike rest of Europe, Britain expanded political rights through legislative means  1807--Britain first European power to abolish slave trade

8.  Explain the role nationalism played in the Unification of Italy and Germany. Be specific and detailed.

9.  Decisions of Congress of Vienna especially unpopular in Italy and German states.  Revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions and eventually led to unification movements Question: What is the root of unification? Nationalism

10.  National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals = nationalism  Hatred of Napoleon led to a growing sense of pride and nationalism  National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals = nationalism  Hatred of Napoleon led to a growing sense of pride and nationalism I love all things German! I know… lets form a unified country! Napoleon was an awful foreign ruler, but at least we realized how much Italian city-states have in common!

11. The Italian Nationalist Movement

12.  Mazzini: an intellectual  Count Cavour: Statesman ◦ Prime Minister of Sardinia  Garibaldi: Fighter ◦ Leader of the “Red Shirts”  Mazzini: an intellectual  Count Cavour: Statesman ◦ Prime Minister of Sardinia  Garibaldi: Fighter ◦ Leader of the “Red Shirts”

14. Mazzini founds Young Italy (1830’s)

15. Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858)

16. Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Not yet

17. Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870

18. Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 By 1870, Italian unification was complete Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy (1859-60) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 By 1870, Italian unification was complete

19. Nationalism as used by Otto Von Bismarck

21.  1806-1812 – Napoleon conquered portions of German-speaking lands & dissolved Holy Roman Empire  1815 – Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation (a weak alliance)  1848 – Liberals in the Frankfurt Assembly offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia but he rejected a throne offered by “the people.”  1806-1812 – Napoleon conquered portions of German-speaking lands & dissolved Holy Roman Empire  1815 – Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation (a weak alliance)  1848 – Liberals in the Frankfurt Assembly offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia but he rejected a throne offered by “the people.”

22. It is not by means of speeches & majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided - but by blood & iron.

23.  Strengthened Prussian army  Realpolitick, or “realistic politics” based on needs of state and justifies any means to achieve and hold power (e.g., Machiavelli)  Led Prussia into 3 wars (Denmark, Austria, & France) --increased Prussian power and paved way for German unity ◦ Franco-Prussian War  WAR and NATIONALISM

24.  Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War  Powerful German state, the Second Reich, was born ◦ Reich = empire (heir to the Holy Roman Empire)  Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War  Powerful German state, the Second Reich, was born ◦ Reich = empire (heir to the Holy Roman Empire) Germany is Unified! (1870)

25.  William I of Prussia becomes Kaiser (emperor) and Bismarck Chancellor of the newly unified Germany (Deutschland)

26.  Explain how the Congress of Vienna shaped the events in Europe during the 19 th Century.  Explain the influence of the nationalism on the revolutions in the world. Be specific about the roots of nationalism and outside influences.  Explain and analyze the events and ideas which led to the unification movement in Germany.