1. Italian and German Unification: Nationalism as a Popular Movement THEMES: 1. Intertwining Ideologies: liberalism, nationalism and Conservativism during 19 th century quests for nationhood 2. Nationalism: a force for unity

2. Independent State: Piedmont-Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II PM Count Cavour Divided states with foreign influence: Austria: Lombardy & Venetia France: Papal States Spain: Two Sicilies Forces Against Unification: Geography: North vs South Pope: keep control of Rome Other European nations: fear of strong Italy

3. Count Cavour The Brain (Conservative) Giuseppe Mazzini The Heart (republicanism and unitarianism) Giuseppe Garibaldi The Muscle (national hero) 3 Italian Nationalist with 3 different agendas and tactics

4. Count Cavour The Brain (Conservative) Focused on gaining territory from other European nations through alliances and wars: Cavour made alliances with France and Britain in the 1850’s. He joined with them in the Crimean War against Russia. He also agreed to give France a small amount territory. Cavour provoked Austria, and Austria declared war in 1859. With the help of the French, the Austrians were defeated. When Prussia went to war against Austria, Cavour stayed neutral. Prussia won. Northern Italian states were made independent

5. Giuseppe Mazzini The Heart (republican and unitarian) Starting in 1830, publically campaigned to unify Italian states behind king of Sardinia. He wanted: a constitution with a gov’t based on democracy & equality a national mov’t uniting all Italians behind cultural traditions, religious unity, & “progress, duty, & sacrifice” a liberated Italy (all states liberated from foreign influence) He established Young Italy (Giovine Italia): secret organization designed to educate and take action (insurrection) to liberate the peninsula.

6. Freed Sicily and southern Italy from its Bourbon (Spanish) King Garibaldi began to march to Rome, but Cavour persuaded him to stop. An attack on Rome would mean an attack on the Pope. Conservatives (and other Roman Catholic countries, specifically France) would not stand for such an attack. Rather than have Italy erupt in a civil war, that might drag into other nations, Garibaldi handed his troops over to Cavour in the name of nationalism and unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi The Muscle (national hero)

7. 1797 Napoleon “liberates” Northern Italy. Expands south during the Napoleonic Wars. He or his brothers controlled most of Italy except Naples and the Sicilies by 1814 1900 1820s & 30s 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna: -Italy kept in separate states. -Northern states returned to Austria -Sardinia and Piedmont become one kingdom. What were the factors against uniting Italy? -War -Austrian or French control -Spread of Napoleonic Code Risorgimento: “Rising Again” Secret society that supported revolutions with hopes of creating an Italian state. Young Italy: Nationalist group headed by Mazzini 1849 Victor Emmanuel II became the king of Sardinia & makes Cavour his PM 1860 Some Papal states join Sardinia 1854 Garabaldi returns to Italy 1870 French withdrew troops from Rome and Rome joins Sardinia Italy is officially unified under the

8. Italy after Unification? “the Kingdom of Italy” 1861: provided for basic freedoms, but the electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting. After Cavour and Victor Emmanuel died, country struggled to maintain stability and to prosper because of regional divide between north and south After 1876, Italy enter into its Socialist Period which was marked by corruption, government instability, poverty, and use of authoritarian measures by the Italian government.

9. Powerful German States: Austria Prussia Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Forces Against Unification: Religion: North: Protestant South: Catholic Confederation: 35 states working fine Other European nations: fear of strong Germany Austrian/Prussian Rivalry

10. Otto von Bismarck (chancellor has the real power, monarch trust in him) (conservative, pragmatic) The heart, brains and muscle behind German unification HOW? realpolitick Kaiser Wilhelm (young heir to the monarchy that asserts his authority and redirects path of Germany (Prussia) according to his personal desires for national and personal glory and influence) (the new mustache face German power) Takes chancellor’s actual power and places it in the hands of the monarch

11. Bismarck’s Policies in a Nutshell “reality of politics” There is no room in politics for abstract idealism and philosophies Modern industry Modern (industrialized) military war

12. Bismarck Gets Busy… ProblemGoalMethod of Solution Prussia and Austria are in a power struggle over who is most influential over German princely states Make Prussia most influential and limit Austria’s power and influence in Europe strategic warfare propaganda and cunning German speaking peoples are not united Unite all German peoples in central and eastern Europe into one nation state strategic warfare propaganda and cunning diplomacy Struggle between liberals and conservatives are detracting stability Placate the liberals, strengthen the power of the conservatives and the monarchy realpolitik-focus on the end game, not on abstract, philosophical principles 3 of the 5 key players at the Congress of Vienna are expanding their empires and strengthening their economies. (E, F, R) Build up Germany’s economy by industrializing and expanding its empire Build up industrial and military enterprises Increase access to resources Secure markets

13. 1807 Napoleon est’d Kingdom of Westpahilia (independent but vassal state of Napoleon) 1848 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna: *Needs to deal with aftermath of Napoleon 1.Balance of power 2.Confederation of German States was a buffer zone -modern constitution -agricultural reforms -French bureaucracy -Spread of Napoleonic Code -serfs liberated -equal male rights Four reasons for revolts: 1.the widespread dissatisfaction with the political leadership 2.the demand for more participation and democracy 3.the demands of the working classes 4.the upsurge of nationalism Failed because reactionary forces based in the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the rural peasants feared French- style revolution German states lagged behind in industrial development Tight economic restrictions protected traditional economic institutions Aristocracy and conservatives worked to suppress the desire for liberal reforms 1862 Otto von Bismarck appointed Chancellor 1864 Danish War 1866 Austrian-Prussian War 1868 Franco-Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Frankfort: 1.Signed in The Hall of Mirrors in the palace at Versailles. 2.Germany becomes a nation 3.France is humiliated. 4.France loses the provinces of Alsace, Lorraine, and part of the Saar. 5.France has to pay 5 billion francs in war damages. 6.German army will remain in France until this debt is paid.

14. From Nationalism to Nation… BONDS OF A NATION- STATE Culture Religion History Language Territory TYPECHARACTERISTICSEXAMPLES UNIFICATIONMergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands 19 th century Italy 19 th century Germany