1. CHAPTER 2 LITERATION REVIEW 1-1

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.The reasons for a literature review being an essential part of every project. 2.The purpose of a literature review 3.The differences primary and secondary sources 4.The steps of the literature process 5.How locate appropriate reference for the topic 6.The guideline for writing a literature review 7.A framework for evaluating a literature review 1-2

3. THE REASONS FOR A LITERATURE REVIEW Once the researcher has identified the topic and the purpose of the study, he/she must conduct a systematic search of the literature to find out precisely what is known about the topic.  The literature refers to the sources that are effective in providing the in-depth knowledge that the researcher needs to study the selected problem. DEFINITIONS The literature is all the written sources relevant to the topic of interest. Polit and Beck (2008) refer to literature as a critical summary of existing knowledge on the topic interest, often prepared in order for the research problem to be placed in context. 1-3

4. PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE The researcher conducts literature review for various reasons:  To conduct a critical analytical appraisal of the recent scholarly work on the topic. Determining what is already known about the topic, the researcher can obtain comprehensive picture of the state of knowledge.  To identify the research problem and refine the research questions  To place the study in the context of the general body of knowledge, which minimises the possibility of unintentional duplication and increases the probability that new study makes valuable contribution. 1-4

5. PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE Cont’d  To obtain clues to the methodology and instruments.  To refine certain parts of the study, specially the problem statement, hypothesis, conceptual framework, design and data-analysis process  To compare the findings of existing studies with those of the study at band  To inform or support a qualitative study, especially in conjunction with the collection and analysis of data 1-5

6. TYPES OF INFORMATION AND SOURCES Information to be included in the literature review into the five categories: 1.Facts, statistics and research findings 2.Theories and interpretations 3.Methods and procedures 4.Opinions, beliefs or points of view 5.Anecdotes, clinical impressions, or narrations of incidents and situations 1-6

7. PRIMARY AND SECONDAY SOURCES  Primary sources are those in which the data are reported and written by the person or group that gathered the information, or conducted the investigation Types of primary data sources: research studies and statistical reports. The latter are self- explanatory, but research studies range in scope from a small pilot study to broad-based, controlled experiments, and thus refer to empirical sources. In health sciences, primary sources of information include: diaries, letters, interviews, eyewitness accounts, speeches, documents, autobiographies. A primary theoretical source is written by a theorist who developed the theory or concepts. 1-7

8. PRIMARY AND SECONDAY SOURCES  Secondary sources: These sources summarise or quote from primary sources, Information is regarded as second-hand. It paraphrase the work of researchers and theorists  The problem with these sources is the author interprets the work of someone else, interpretation may be influenced by author’s perception and bias. Therefore error of misinterpretation is likely to affect the study. 1-8

9. DEVELOPING A SEARCH STRATEGY It starts with the interpretation of the topic Use relevant keywords or concepts Kept in mind type of study (qualitative or quantitative) Use relevant variables 1-9

10. THE REVIEW PROCESS In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should: 1.Use the library and electronic databases 2. Identify sources 3.Locate sources 4.Critically read sources 5.Write the review report 6.Evaluate the review report 1-10

11. USE THE LIBRARY AND ELECTRONIC DATABASE All public, private, colleges or universities libraries have access to electronic databases and interlibrary loan services. These give researchers access to huge numbers and types of sources. It is important to identify the material before obtaining it. The librarian is likely to inform about the administration of the library. 1-11

12. IDENTIFY SOURCES Basic types of sources: 1.Database of books and journals (library) 2.The indexes covering various fields of study 3.Indexes are printed at the end for each year of most journals 4.Abstracts (these comprise brief summaries of articles) 5.Electronic literature search (using keywords or phrases) 1-12

13. LOCATE SOURCES The researcher must follow the following steps:  Organise the list of identified sources  Search the library for those sources  Systematically record the references  Determine additional ways to locate sources 1-13

14. ORGANISE THE LIST OF IDENTIFIED SOURCES, AND THE LIBRARY Organise the articles of your field of study, for example by name of journal or year of publication 1-14

15. SYSTEMATICALLY RECORD THE REFERENCES Through experience, researcher develops suitable method of his/her own. Each entry should include the:  Author(s) name(s)  Date of publication  Title of the article, report or book  Name of the journal or publisher  Volume and number of the journal  Place of publication, if it is a book  Page numbers on which the material appears  Initial notes he/she has made about it. 1-15

16. SYSTEMATICALLY RECORD THE REFERENCES Cont’d The notes that the researcher makes on the articles should contain the:  Problem statement  Definition of concepts  Hypotheses, if any  Theories or assumptions used  Method of research, if applicable  Instruments used, if applicable  Data analysis  Findings and summaries  Researcher’s evaluation of each aspect 1-16

17. CRITICALLY READ SOURCES Critical reading involves a preliminary phase and a critical review.  Preliminary phase: read the abstract and scans the article, chapter or report in order to determine whether it is suitable for the purpose of the review.  Critical reviews the relevant pieces, it entails analysing the usability, completeness and consistency of the piece, evaluating its strengths and weaknesses, and assessing relationship with the study at hand. 1-17

18. WRITE THE REVIEW REPORT The literature review should represent a thoughtful analysis and synthesis of the literature, and not just collection and quotations and conclusions. The literature review should start with an introduction with reference to sources consulted The literature review should as objective as possible. Do not omit what does not support your hypothesis or your personal values. The literature review should be balanced, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each of the references. Compare differences and similarities among them. It should reflects all sides of the issue. 1-18

19. WRITE THE REVIEW REPORT Cont’d The main body of the review should consist with the critique of the existing work as well as with the theoretical dimension. Direct quotes may be used to emphasis central issue, but should be kept short. The content of sources should be paraphrased or summarised in the researcher’s own words to reveal current state of knowledge. Full credit must be given to authors for all statements taken from their work, direct or indirect. The review should include the most up-to-date information The review should conclude with a summary of the synthesis findings of the existing work, which should clearly describe the extent of the current knowledge base. And the gaps in the literature or areas of research inactivity. 1-19

20. EVALUATE THE RESEARCH REVIEW Some relevant questions that need to be posed in this process are as follows Is the review comprehensive? Is it relevant to the problem at hand? Is it up to date? Are all sides of the issue presented? Is there enough sound research-based evidence? Is the use of secondary sources excessive? Does it critically appraise the contribution of key studies? Is it logically organised? Does it attempt to be sufficiently objective? 1-20